Heterobicyclic Metalloprotease Inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates generally to amide group containing pharmaceutical agents, and in particular, to amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibitor compounds. More particularly, the present invention provides a new class of heterobicyclic MMP-13 inhibiting and MMP-3 inhibiting compounds, that exhibit an increased potency in relation to currently known MMP-13 and MMP-3 inhibitors.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/440,087, filed May 22, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/734,991, filed Nov. 9, 2005, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/706,465, filed Aug. 8, 2005, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/683,470, filed May 20, 2005, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds, and more particularly to heterobicyclic MMP-13 inhibiting compounds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases (ADAMTS=a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif) are a family of structurally related zinc-containing enzymes that have been reported to mediate the breakdown of connective tissue in normal physiological processes such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodelling. Over-expression of MMPs and aggrecanases or an imbalance between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation has been suggested as factors in inflammatory, malignant and degenerative disease processes. MMPs and aggrecanases are, therefore, targets for therapeutic inhibitors in several inflammatory, malignant and degenerative diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, periodontitis, multiple sclerosis, gingivitis, corneal epidermal and gastric ulceration, atherosclerosis, neointimal proliferation (which leads to restenosis and ischemic heart failure) and tumor metastasis.

The ADAMTSs are a group of proteases that are encoded in 19 ADAMTS genes in humans. The ADAMTSs are extracellular, multidomain enzymes whose functions include collagen processing, cleavage of the matrix proteoglycans, inhibition of angiogenesis and blood coagulation homoeostasis (Biochem. J. 2005, 386, 15-27; Arthritis Res. Ther. 2005, 7, 160-169; Curr. Med. Chem. Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Allergy Agents 2005, 4, 251-264).

The mammalian MMP family has been reported to include at least 20 enzymes, (Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2735-2776). Collagenase-3 (MMP-13) is among three collagenases that have been identified. Based on identification of domain structures for individual members of the MMP family, it has been determined that the catalytic domain of the MMPs contains two zinc atoms; one of these zinc atoms performs a catalytic function and is coordinated with three histidines contained within the conserved amino acid sequence of the catalytic domain. MMP-13 is over-expressed in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, breast carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. The principal substrates of MMP-13 are fibrillar collagens (types I, II, III) and gelatins, proteoglycans, cytokines and other components of ECM (extracellular matrix).

The activation of the MMPs involves the removal of a propeptide, which features an unpaired cysteine residue complexes the catalytic zinc (II) ion. X-ray crystal structures of the complex between MMP-3 catalytic domain and TIMP-1 and MMP-14 catalytic domain and TIMP-2 also reveal ligation of the catalytic zinc (II) ion by the thiol of a cysteine residue. The difficulty in developing effective MMP inhibiting compounds comprises several factors, including choice of selective versus broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors and rendering such compounds bioavailable via an oral route of administration.

MMP-3 (stromelysin-1; transin-1) is another member of the MMP family (Woesner; FASEB J. 1991; 5:2145-2154). Human MMP-3 was initially isolated from cultured human synoviocytes. It is also expressed by chondrocytes and has been localized in OA cartilage and synovial tissues (Case; Am. J. Pathol. 1989 December; 135(6):1055-64).

MMP-3 is produced by basal keratinocytes in a variety of chronic ulcers. MMP-3 mRNA and Protein were detected in basal keratinocytes adjacent to but distal from the wound edge in what probably represents the sites of proliferating epidermis. MMP-3 may this prevent the epidermis from healing (Saarialho-Kere, J. Clin. Invest. 1994 July; 94(1):79-88)).

MMP-3 serum protein levels are significantly elevated in patients with early and long-term rheumatoid arthritis (Yamanaka; Arthritis Rheum. 2000 April; 43(4):852-8) and in osteoarthritis patients (Bramono; Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 November; (428):272-85) as well as in other inflammatory diseases like systemic lupus erythematosis and ankylosing spondylitis (Chen, Rheumatology 2006 April; 45(4):414-20).

MMP-3 acts on components of the ECM as aggrecan, fibronectin, gelatine, laminin, elastin, fibrillin and others and on collagens of type III, IV, V, VII, KX, X (Bramono; Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 November; (428):272-85). On collagens of type II and IX, MMP-3 exhibits telopeptidase activity (Sandell, Arthritis Res. 2001; 3(2): 107-13; Eyre, Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 October; (427 Suppl):S118-22). MMP-3 can activate other MMP family members as MMP-1; MMP-7; MMP-8; MMP-9 and MMP-13 (Close, Ann Rheum Dis 2001 November; 60 Suppl 3:iii62-7).

MMP-3 is involved in the regulation of cytokines and chemokines by releasing TGFβ1 from the ECM, activating TNFα, inactivation of IL-1β and release of IGF (Parks, Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 August; 4(8):617-29). A potential role for MMP-3 in the regulation of macrophate infiltration is based on the ability of the enzyme to converse active MCP species into antagonistic peptides (McQuibban, Blood. 2002 Aug. 15; 100(4): 1160-7).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a new class of heterobicyclic amide containing pharmaceutical agents which inhibits metalloproteases. In particular, the present invention provides a new class of metalloprotease inhibiting compounds that exhibit potent MMP-13 inhibiting activity and/or activity towards MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-12, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5.

The present invention provides several new classes of amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds, of which some are represented by the following general formulas:

wherein all variables in the preceding Formulas (I) to (VI) are as defined hereinbelow.

The heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be used in the treatment of metalloprotease mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, cancer (e.g. but not limited to melanoma, gastric carcinoma or non-small cell lung carcinoma), inflammation, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ocular diseases (e.g. but not limited to ocular inflammation, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration with the wet type preferred and corneal neovascularization), neurologic diseases, psychiatric diseases, thrombosis, bacterial infection, Parkinson's disease, fatigue, tremor, diabetic retinopathy, vascular diseases of the retina, aging, dementia, cardiomyopathy, renal tubular impairment, diabetes, psychosis, dyskinesia, pigmentary abnormalities, deafness, inflammatory and fibrotic syndromes, intestinal bowel syndrome, allergies, Alzheimers disease, arterial plaque formation, oncology, periodontal, viral infection, stroke, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, reperfusion injury, trauma, chemical exposure or oxidative damage to tissues, chronic wound healing, wound healing, hemorroid, skin beautifying, pain, inflammatory pain, bone pain and joint pain, acne, acute alcoholic hepatitis, acute inflammation, acute pancreatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, adult respiratory disease, airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, alcoholic liver disease, allograft rejections, angiogenesis, angiogenic ocular disease, arthritis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, burn therapy, cardiac and renal reperfusion injury, celiac disease, cerebral and cardiac ischemia, CNS tumors, CNS vasculitis, colds, contusions, cor pulmonae, cough, Crohn's disease, chronic bronchitis, chronic inflammation, chronic pancreatitis, chronic sinusitis, crystal induced arthritis, cystic fibrosis, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, duodenal ulcers, dyspnea, early transplantation rejection, emphysema, encephalitis, endotoxic shock, esophagitis, gastric ulcers, gingivitis, glomerulonephritis, glossitis, gout, graft vs. host reaction, gram negative sepsis, granulocytic ehrlichiosis, hepatitis viruses, herpes, herpes viruses, HIV, hypercapnea, hyperinflation, hyperoxia-induced inflammation, hypoxia, hypersensitivity, hypoxemia, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial pneumonitis, ischemia reperfusion injury, kaposi's sarcoma associated virus, liver fibrosis, lupus, malaria, meningitis, multi-organ dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis, osteoporosis, periodontitis, chronic periodontitis, peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), pre-term labor, polymyositis, post surgical trauma, pruritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pulmatory fibrosis, pulmatory hypertension, renal reperfusion injury, respiratory viruses, restinosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, sarcoidosis, septic shock, small airway disease, sprains, strains, subarachnoid hemorrhage, surgical lung volume reduction, thrombosis, toxic shock syndrome, transplant reperfusion injury, traumatic brain injury, ulcerative colitis, vasculitis, ventilation-perfusion mismatching, and wheeze.

In particular, the heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be used in the treatment of MMP-13 mediated osteoarthritis and may be used for other MMP-13 mediated symptoms, inflammatory, malignant and degenerative diseases characterized by excessive extracellular matrix degradation and/or remodelling, such as cancer, and chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, inflammation, multiple sclerosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pain, such as inflammatory pain, bone pain and joint pain.

The present invention also provides heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds that are useful as active ingredients in pharmaceutical compositions for treatment or prevention of metalloprotease—especially MMP-13—mediated diseases. The present invention also contemplates use of such compounds in pharmaceutical compositions for oral or parenteral administration, comprising one or more of the heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds disclosed herein.

The present invention further provides methods of inhibiting metalloproteases, by administering formulations, including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, topical, intravenous, parenteral (including, but not limited to, intramuscular, intravenous), ocular (ophthalmic), transdermal, inhalative (including, but not limited to, pulmonary, aerosol inhalation), nasal, sublingual, subcutaneous or intraarticular formulations, comprising the heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds by standard methods known in medical practice, for the treatment of diseases or symptoms arising from or associated with metalloprotease, especially MMP-13, including prophylactic and therapeutic treatment. Although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the conditions being treated and on the nature of the active ingredient. The compounds from this invention are conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy.

The heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with a disease modifying antirheumatic drug, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a COX-2 selective inhibitor, a COX-1 inhibitor, an immunosuppressive, a steroid, a biological response modifier or other anti-inflammatory agents or therapeutics useful for the treatment of chemokines mediated diseases.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The terms “alkyl” or “alk”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote optionally substituted, straight and branched chain saturated hydrocarbon groups, preferably having 1 to 10 carbons in the normal chain, most preferably lower alkyl groups. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl (e.g., to form a benzyl group), cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (—COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH₂—CO—), substituted carbamoyl ((R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N—CO—wherein R¹⁰ or R¹¹ are as defined below, except that at least one of R¹⁰ or R¹¹ is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (—SH).

The terms “lower alk” or “lower alkyl” as used herein, denote such optionally substituted groups as described above for alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the normal chain.

The term “alkoxy” denotes an alkyl group as described above bonded through an oxygen linkage (—O—).

The term “alkenyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond in the chain, and preferably having 2 to 10 carbons in the normal chain. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isobutenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (—COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH₂—CO—), substituted carbamoyl ((R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N—CO—wherein R¹⁰ or R¹¹ are as defined below, except that at least one of R¹⁰ or R¹¹ is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (—SH).

The term “alkynyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to carbon triple bond in the chain, and preferably having 2 to 10 carbons in the normal chain. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (—COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH₂—CO—), substituted carbamoyl ((R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N—CO—wherein R¹⁰ or R¹¹ are as defined below, except that at least one of R¹⁰ or R¹¹ is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (—SH).

The term “cycloalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated cyclic hydrocarbon ring systems, containing one ring with 3 to 9 carbons. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, and cyclododecyl. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents.

The term “bicycloalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated cyclic bridged hydrocarbon ring systems, desirably containing 2 or 3 rings and 3 to 9 carbons per ring. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, adamantyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and cubane. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents.

The term “spiroalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated hydrocarbon ring systems, wherein two rings of 3 to 9 carbons per ring are bridged via one carbon atom. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, spiro[3.5]nonane, spiro[4.5]decane or spiro[2.5]octane. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents.

The term “spiroheteroalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated hydrocarbon ring systems, wherein two rings of 3 to 9 carbons per ring are bridged via one carbon atom and at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom independently selected from N, O and S. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, 1,3-diaza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents.

The terms “ar” or “aryl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote optionally substituted, homocyclic aromatic groups, preferably containing 1 or 2 rings and 6 to 12 ring carbons. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, and naphthyl. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more nitro groups, alkyl groups as described above or groups described above as alkyl substituents.

The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic system” denotes a heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, or heteroaryl group as described herein, which contains carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and including any bicyclic or tricyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to one or more heterocycle, aryl or cycloalkyl groups. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized. The heterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure. The heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom.

Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, 1H-indazole, 2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-indolyl, 4-piperidonyl, 4aH-carbazole, 4H-quinolizinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, b-carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinylperimidinyl, oxindolyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, carbolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, xanthenyl.

Further examples of heterocycles include, but not are not limited to, “heterobicycloalkyl” groups such as 7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 7-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, and 1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

“Heterocyclenyl” denotes a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system of about 3 to about 10 atoms, desirably about 4 to about 8 atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms, and which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-nitrogen double bond. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system may include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heterocyclenyl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. The heterocyclenyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein. The nitrogen or sulphur atom of the heterocyclenyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. “Heterocyclenyl” as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and “J. Am. Chem. Soc.”, 82:5566 (1960), the contents all of which are incorporated by reference herein. Exemplary monocyclic azaheterocyclenyl groups include, but are not limited to, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrohydropyridine, 1,2-dihydropyridyl, 1,4-dihydropyridyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, 2-imidazolinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, and the like. Exemplary oxaheterocyclenyl groups include, but are not limited to, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, dihydrofuranyl, and fluorodihydrofuranyl. An exemplary multicyclic oxaheterocyclenyl group is 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl.

“Heterocyclyl,” or “heterocycloalkyl,” denotes a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, desirably 4 to 8 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system may include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heterocyclyl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. The heterocyclyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. The nitrogen or sulphur atom of the heterocyclyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.

“Heterocyclyl” as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and “J. Am. Chem. Soc.”, 82:5566 (1960). Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include, but are not limited to, piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like.

“Heteroaryl” denotes an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 5 to about 10 atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The “heteroaryl” may also be substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heteroaryl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. A nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl may be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide. Heteroaryl as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and “J. Am. Chem. Soc.”, 82:5566 (1960). Exemplary heteroaryl and substituted heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrazinyl, thienyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, benzofurazanyl, azaindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, thienopyridyl, thienopyrimidyl, pyrrolopyridyl, imidazopyridyl, benzoazaindole, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, benzthiazolyl, dioxolyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazinyl, oxiranyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, tetrazinyl, tetrazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, thiatriazolyl, thiazinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, 5-thioxo-1,2,4-diazolyl, thiomorpholino, thiophenyl, thiopyranyl, triazolyl and triazolonyl.

The phrase “fused” means, that the group, mentioned before “fused” is connected via two adjacent atoms to the ring system mentioned after “fused” to form a bicyclic system. For example, “heterocycloalkyl fused aryl” includes, but is not limited to, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine, 4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-one, 3H-Benzooxazol-2-one and 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[f][1,4]oxazepin-5-one.

The term “amino” denotes the radical —NH₂ wherein one or both of the hydrogen atoms may be replaced by an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group. Exemplary amino groups include, but are not limited to, n-butylamino, tert-butylamino, methylpropylamino and ethyldimethylamino.

The term “cycloalkylalkyl” denotes a cycloalkyl-alkyl group wherein a cycloalkyl as described above is bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. Cycloalkylalkyl groups may contain a lower alkyl moiety. Exemplary cycloalkylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylpropyl, cyclopropylpropyl, cyclopentylpropyl, and cyclohexylpropyl.

The term “arylalkyl” denotes an aryl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.

The term “heteroarylalkyl” denotes a heteroaryl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.

The term “heterocyclylalkyl,” or “heterocycloalkylalkyl,” denotes a heterocyclyl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.

The terms “halogen”, “halo”, or “hal”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine.

The term “haloalkyl” denotes a halo group as described above bonded though an alkyl, as defined above. Fluoroalkyl is an exemplary group.

The term “aminoalkyl” denotes an amino group as defined above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.

The phrase “bicyclic fused ring system wherein at least one ring is partially saturated” denotes an 8- to 13-membered fused bicyclic ring group in which at least one of the rings is non-aromatic. The ring group has carbon atoms and optionally 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroquinolyl and benzocycloheptyl.

The phrase “tricyclic fused ring system wherein at least one ring is partially saturated” denotes a 9- to 18-membered fused tricyclic ring group in which at least one of the rings is non-aromatic. The ring group has carbon atoms and optionally 1-7 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, fluorene, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and 2,2a,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclobuta[a]indene.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. Examples therefore may be, but are not limited to, sodium, potassium, choline, lysine, arginine or N-methyl-glucamine salts, and the like.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as, but not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, and the like.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. Organic solvents include, but are not limited to, nonaqueous media like ethers, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990, p. 1445, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” denotes those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” denotes media generally accepted in the art for the delivery of biologically active agents to mammals, e.g., humans. Such carriers are generally formulated according to a number of factors well within the purview of those of ordinary skill in the art to determine and account for. These include, without limitation: the type and nature of the active agent being formulated; the subject to which the agent-containing composition is to be administered; the intended route of administration of the composition; and, the therapeutic indication being targeted. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include both aqueous and non-aqueous liquid media, as well as a variety of solid and semi-solid dosage forms. Such carriers can include a number of different ingredients and additives in addition to the active agent, such additional ingredients being included in the formulation for a variety of reasons, e.g., stabilization of the active agent, well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are hyaluronic acid and salts thereof, and microspheres (including, but not limited to poly(D,L)-lactide-co-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(caprolactone (PCL) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)). Descriptions of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and factors involved in their selection, are found in a variety of readily available sources, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers particularly suitable for use in conjunction with tablets include, for example, inert diluents, such as celluloses, calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate; disintegrating agents, such as croscarmellose sodium, cross-linked povidone, maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as povidone, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.

Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example celluloses, lactose, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with non-aqueous or oil medium, such as glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

The compositions of the invention may also be formulated as suspensions including a compound of the present invention in admixture with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient suitable for the manufacture of a suspension. In yet another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated as dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of a suspension by the addition of suitable excipients.

Carriers suitable for use in connection with suspensions include suspending agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcelluose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycethanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate); and thickening agents, such as carbomer, beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. The suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives such as acetic acid, methyl and/or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate; one or more coloring agents; one or more flavoring agents; and one or more sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.

Cyclodextrins may be added as aqueous solubility enhancers. Preferred cyclodextrins include hydroxypropyl, hydroxyethyl, glucosyl, maltosyl and maltotriosyl derivatives of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin. The amount of solubility enhancer employed will depend on the amount of the compound of the present invention in the composition.

The term “formulation” denotes a product comprising the active ingredient(s) and the inert ingredient(s) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutical carrier.

The term “N-oxide” denotes compounds that can be obtained in a known manner by reacting a compound of the present invention including a nitrogen atom (such as in a pyridyl group) with hydrogen peroxide or a peracid, such as 3-chloroperoxy-benzoic acid, in an inert solvent, such as dichloromethane, at a temperature between about −10-80° C., desirably about 0° C.

The term “polymorph” denotes a form of a chemical compound in a particular crystalline arrangement. Certain polymorphs may exhibit enhanced thermodynamic stability and may be more suitable than other polymorphic forms for inclusion in pharmaceutical formulations.

The compounds of the invention can contain one or more chiral centers and/or double bonds and, therefore, exist as stereoisomers, such as double-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), enantiomers, or diastereomers. According to the invention, the chemical structures depicted herein, and therefore the compounds of the invention, encompass all of the corresponding enantiomers and stereoisomers, that is, both the stereomerically pure form (e.g., geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure, or diastereomerically pure) and enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures.

The term “racemic mixture” denotes a mixture that is about 50% of one enantiomer and about 50% of the corresponding enantiomer relative to all chiral centers in the molecule. Thus, the invention encompasses all enantiomerically-pure, enantiomerically-enriched, and racemic mixtures of compounds of Formulas (I) through (VI).

Enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures of compounds of the invention can be resolved into their component enantiomers or stereoisomers by well-known methods. Examples include, but are not limited to, the formation of chiral salts and the use of chiral or high performance liquid chromatography “HPLC” and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts. See, e.g., Jacques, J., et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen, S. H., et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, E. L., Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, NY, 1962); Wilen, S. H., Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind., 1972); Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Ernest L. Eliel, Samuel H. Wilen and Lewis N. Manda (1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), and Stereoselective Synthesis A Practical Approach, Mihaly Nogradi (1995 VCH Publishers, Inc., NY, N.Y.). Enantiomers and stereoisomers can also be obtained from stereomerically- or enantiomerically-pure intermediates, reagents, and catalysts by well-known asymmetric synthetic methods.

“Substituted” is intended to indicate that one or more hydrogens on the atom indicated in the expression using “substituted” is replaced with a selection from the indicated group(s), provided that the indicated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. When a substituent is keto (i.e., ═O) group, then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced.

Unless moieties of a compound of the present invention are defined as being unsubstituted, the moieties of the compound may be substituted. In addition to any substituents provided above, the moieties of the compounds of the present invention may be optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from:

C₁-C₄ alkyl;

C₂-C₄ alkenyl;

C₂-C₄ alkynyl;

CF₃;

halo;

OH;

O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

OCH₂F;

OCHF₂;

OCF₃;

ONO₂;

OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

SH;

S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

NH₂;

N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)C(O)—CF₃;

N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃;

N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)C(O)NH₂;

N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

N(H)S(O)₂NH₂);

N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)C(S)NH₂;

NO₂;

CO₂H;

CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(O)N(H)OH;

C(O)N(CH₃)OH:

C(O)N(CH₃)OH;

C(O)N(CH₃)Q-(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(S)N(C₁-C₄alkyl)₂;

C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

CN;

CHO;

CH₂OH;

CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

CH₂NH₂;

CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

aryl;

heteroaryl;

cycloalkyl; and

heterocyclyl.

In some cases, a ring substituent may be shown as being connected to the ring by a bond extending from the center of the ring. The number of such substituents present on a ring is indicated in subscript by a number. Moreover, the substituent may be present on any available ring atom, the available ring atom being any ring atom which bears a hydrogen which the ring substituent may replace. For illustrative purposes, if variable R^(X) were defined as being:

this would indicate a cyclohexyl ring bearing five R^(X) substituents. The R^(X) substituents may be bonded to any available ring atom. For example, among the configurations encompassed by this are configurations such as:

These configurations are illustrative and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds may be represented by the general Formula (I):

wherein:

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl,

wherein R¹ is optionally substituted one or more times, or

wherein R¹ is optionally substituted by one R¹⁶ group and optionally substituted by one or more R⁹ groups;

R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times or R¹ and R² when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_(x), or NR⁵⁰ and which is optionally substituted one or more times;

R³ is NR²⁰R²¹;

R⁴ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of R¹⁰, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, haloalkyl, CF₃, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-COR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NO₂, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-CN, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(y)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(y)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰CONR¹¹SO₂R³⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(n)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═NR¹¹)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰SO₂R¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NR¹¹—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, S(O)_(x)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, S(O)_(x)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)—NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_(y)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_(y)R¹⁰, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl and O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl,

wherein each R⁴ group is optionally substituted one or more times, or

wherein each R⁴ group is optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁴ groups;

R⁵ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, aryl, arylalkyl, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and C(O)OR¹⁰, wherein alkyl, aryl and arylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;

R⁹ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of R¹⁰, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, CHF₂, CF₃, OR¹⁰, SR¹⁰, COOR¹⁰, CH(CH₃)CO₂H, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-COR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NO₂, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-CN, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(y)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-P(O)₂OH, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(y)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰CONR¹¹SO₂R³⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(n)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═NR¹¹)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰-alkyl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NR¹¹—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, S(O)_(n)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, S(O)_(x)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)—NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_(y)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_(y)R¹¹, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl and O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl,

wherein each R⁹ group is optionally substituted, or

wherein each R⁹ group is optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁴ groups;

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ in each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_(x), or NR⁵⁰ and which is optionally substituted one or more times;

R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl and halo, wherein alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and heterocyclylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;

R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, (i) and (ii):

wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;

R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times;

R²¹ is a bicyclic or tricyclic fused ring system, wherein at least one ring is partially saturated, and

wherein R²¹ is optionally substituted one or more times, or

wherein R²¹ is optionally substituted by one or more R⁹ groups;

R²² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, NO₂, NR¹⁰R¹¹, CN, SR¹⁰, SSR¹⁰, PO₃R¹⁰, NR¹⁰NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰N═CR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, C(O)OR¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂R¹⁰, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and fluoroalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, and fluoroalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;

R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, wherein alkyl and aryl are optionally substituted;

R⁵⁰ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R⁸⁰, C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, SO₂R⁸⁰ and SO₂NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, wherein alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times;

R⁸⁰ and R⁸¹ in each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted, or R⁸⁰ and R⁸¹ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_(x), —NH, and —N(alkyl) and which is optionally substituted one or more times;

E is selected from the group consisting of a bond, CR¹⁰R¹¹, O, NR⁵, S, S═O, S(═O)₂, C(═O), N(R¹⁰)(C═O), (C═O)N(R¹⁰), N(R¹⁰)S(═O)₂, S(═O)₂N(R¹⁰), C═N—OR¹¹, —C(R¹⁰R¹¹)C(R¹⁰R¹¹)—, —CH₂—W¹— and

Q is a 5- or 6-membered ring selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times with R⁴;

D is a member selected from the group consisting of CR²² and N;

U is selected from the group consisting of C(R⁵R¹⁰), NR⁵, O, S═O and S(═O)₂;

W¹ is selected from the group consisting of O, NR⁵, S, S═O, S(═O)₂, N(R¹⁰)(C═O), N(R¹⁰)S(═O)₂ and S(═O)₂N(R¹⁰);

X is selected from the group consisting of a bond and (CR¹⁰R¹¹)_(w)E(CR¹⁰R¹¹)_(w);

g and h are independently selected from 0-2;

w is independently selected from 0-4;

x is selected from 0 to 2;

y is selected from 1 and 2; and

N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

In another embodiment, compounds of Formula (I) may be selected from Group I(a):

wherein:

R⁵¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times.

In still another embodiment, compounds of Formula (I) may be selected from:

In yet another embodiment, compounds of Formula (I) may be selected from:

In some embodiments, R³ of the compounds of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 1:

wherein:

R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, R⁴ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl and cycloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times, or optionally two R⁷ groups together at the same carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰;

A and B are independently selected from the group consisting of CR⁹, CR⁹R¹⁰, NR¹⁰, N, O and S(O)_(x);

G, L, M and T are independently selected from the group consisting of CR⁹ and N;

m and n are independently selected from 0-3, provided that:

-   -   (1) when E is present, m and n are not both 3;     -   (2) when E is —CH₂—W¹—, m and n are not 3; and     -   (3) when E is a bond, m and n are not 0; and

p is selected from 0-6;

wherein the dotted line represents a double bond between one of: carbon “a” and A, or carbon “a” and B.

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the compounds of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 1 as defined hereinabove.

In some embodiments, R³ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group I(2):

wherein:

R is selected from the group consisting of C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, COR¹⁰, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂R¹⁰, CONHCH₃ and CON(CH₃)₂, wherein C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, COR¹⁰, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂R¹⁰, CONHCH₃ and CON(CH₃)₂ are optionally substituted one or more times; and

r is selected from 1-4.

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the compounds of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 2, as defined hereinabove.

In yet a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 3:

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 3 as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment, R⁹ may be selected from Substituent Group 4:

wherein:

R⁵² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, CN, hydroxy, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, haloalkyl, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ and SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times.

For example, in some embodiments, R⁹ of Substituent Group 3 may be selected from Substituent Group 4 as defined hereinabove.

In yet a further embodiment, R³ of the structures of Formula (I) may be Substituent Group 16:

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 16 as defined hereinabove.

In still a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 5:

wherein:

R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, halo, CN, alkyl, CO₂H,

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 5 as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 6:

wherein:

R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times;

R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CO₂R¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;

B₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_(x);

D², G², L², M² and T² are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁸ and N; and

Z is a 5- to 8-membered ring selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or a 5- to 6-membered ring selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times.

For example, in another embodiment, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 6 as defined hereinabove.

In yet another embodiment, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 7:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 7 as defined hereinabove.

In still another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 8:

wherein:

R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and halo, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times, or optionally R¹² and R¹³ together form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰;

R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times;

R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times, or optionally two R¹⁹ groups together at one carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰;

R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CO₂R¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;

J and K are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁰R¹⁸, NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_(x);

A₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_(x); and

D², G², J², L², M² and T² are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁸ and N.

For example, some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 8 as defined hereinabove.

In a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 9:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 9 as defined hereinabove.

In yet a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 10:

wherein:

R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times;

R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times, or optionally two R¹⁹ groups together at one carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹¹;

R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CONR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;

L², M², and T² are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁸ and N;

D³, G³, L³, M³, and T³ are independently selected from N, CR¹⁸, (i), or (ii),

with the proviso that one of L³, M³, T³, D³, and G³ is (i) or (ii)

B₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_(x); and

Q² is a 5- to 8-membered ring selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, which is optionally substituted one or more times with R¹⁹.

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.

In still a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 11:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 11 as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (I) may be selected from Substituent Group 12:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group I(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 12 as defined hereinabove.

In yet another embodiment, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds may be represented by the general Formula (I):

and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof,

wherein:

R¹ in each occurrence may be the same or different and is as defined hereinabove;

R² in each occurrence may be the same or different and is as defined hereinabove; and

all remaining variables are as defined hereinabove.

In still another embodiment, the compound of Formula (II) may be selected from Group II(a):

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

In a further embodiment, the compound of Formula (II) may be selected from:

In yet a further embodiment, the compound of Formula (II) may be selected from:

In still a further embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 13:

wherein:

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of R⁹, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)OR¹⁰, CH(CH₃)CO₂H, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-COR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NO₂, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-CN, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(y)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-P(O)₂OH, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(y)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰CONR¹¹SO₂R³⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(x)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═NR¹¹)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰-alkyl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NR¹¹—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, S(O)_(x)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, S(O)_(x)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)—NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_(y)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_(y)R¹¹, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl and O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein each R⁶ group is optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁴ groups;

R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, halo, CHF₂, CF₃, OR¹⁰, NR¹⁰R¹¹, NO₂, and CN, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times;

D⁴, G⁴, L⁴, M⁴, and T⁴ are independently selected from CR⁶ and N; and

all remaining variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of the structures of Group II(a) may independently be selected from Substituent Group 13 as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 14:

For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of Group II(a) may independently be selected from Substituent Group 14 as defined hereinabove.

In yet another embodiment, R⁶ of Substituent Group 14 may be selected from hydrogen, halo, CN, OH, CH₂OH, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, OCHF₂, COCH₃, SO₂CH₃, SO₂CF₃, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHCH₃, SO₂N(CH₃)₂, NH₂, NHCOCH₃, N(COCH₃)₂, NHCONH₂, NHSO₂CH₃, alkoxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, CO₂H,

R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, CH₃, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, and OCHF₂;

R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CH₃, COOCH₃, COOH, and CONH₂.

In yet another embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 15:

For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 15 as defined hereinabove.

In still another embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 8:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 8 as defined hereinabove.

In a further embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 9:

For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 9 as defined hereinabove.

In yet a further embodiment, one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 10:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, one R¹ of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.

In still a further embodiment, one R¹ of Formula (II) may independently be selected from Substituent Group 11:

For example, in some embodiments, one R¹ of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 11 as defined hereinabove.

In one embodiment, one R¹ of Formula (II) may be selected from Substituent Group 12:

For example, in some embodiments, one R¹ of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 12 as defined hereinabove.

In some embodiments:

A) the first occurrence of R¹ of Formula (II) is selected from Substituent Group 13:

B) the second occurrence R¹ of Formula (II) is selected from Substituent Group 8 and Substituent Group 10:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example in some embodiments, the first occurrence of R¹ of the structures of Group II(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 13 as defined hereinabove, and the second occurrence of R¹ may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds may be represented by the general Formula (III):

-   -   and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs,         formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers         thereof,

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

In yet another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (III) may be selected from Group III(a):

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

In still another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (III) may be selected from:

In a further embodiment, the compounds of Formula (III) may be selected from:

In yet a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 1:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group III (a) may be selected from Substituent Group 1 as defined hereinabove.

In still a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 2:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

In still a further embodiment, R³ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 2 as defined hereinabove.

In one embodiment, R³ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 3:

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 3 as defined hereinabove.

In one embodiment, R⁹ of the structures of Substituent Group 3 may be selected from:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment, R³ of Formula (III) may be Substituent Group 16:

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group III(a) may be Substituent Group 16 as defined hereinabove.

In yet another embodiment, R³ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 5:

wherein:

R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, fluoro, halo, CN, alkyl, CO₂H,

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 5 as defined hereinabove.

In still another embodiment, R¹ of the structures of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 6:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 6 as defined hereinabove.

In a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 7:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 7 as defined hereinabove.

In yet a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 8:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 8 as defined hereinabove.

In still a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 9:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 9 as defined hereinabove.

In one embodiment, R¹ of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 10.

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 11:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 11 as defined hereinabove.

In yet another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (III) may be selected from Substituent Group 12:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Group III(a) may be selected from Substituent Group 12 as defined hereinabove.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds may be represented by the general Formula (IV):

and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof,

wherein:

R²³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, NO₂, NR¹⁰R¹¹, CN, SR¹⁰, SSR¹⁰, PO₃R¹⁰, NR¹⁰NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰N═CR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, C(O)OR¹⁰, and fluoroalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, and fluoroalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;

W is a 5- or 6-membered ring selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times with R⁴; and

all remaining variables are as defined herein above.

In another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (IV) may be selected from Group IV(a):

wherein:

R⁵¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times;

K¹ is O, S(O)_(x), or NR⁵¹; and

all remaining variables are as defined hereinabove.

In yet another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (IV) may be selected from Group IV(b):

In still another embodiment, R³ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 1:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 1 as defined hereinabove.

In a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 2:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 2 as defined hereinabove.

In yet a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 3

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 3 as defined hereinabove.

In still a further embodiment, R⁹ of Substituent Group 3 may be selected from:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

In one embodiment, R³ of Formula (IV) may be Substituent Group 16:

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be Substituent Group 16 as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment, R³ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 5:

wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, fluoro, halo, CN, alkyl, CO₂H,

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 5 as defined hereinabove.

In yet another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 6:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 6 as defined hereinabove.

In still another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 7:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 7 as defined hereinabove.

In a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 8:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 8 as defined hereinabove.

In yet a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 9:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 9 as defined hereinabove.

In still a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 10:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.

In one embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 11:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 11 as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (IV) may be selected from Substituent Group 12:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups IV(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 12 as defined hereinabove.

In still another embodiment of the present invention, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds may be represented by the general Formula (V):

and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof,

wherein:

R¹ in each occurrence may be the same or different and is as defined hereinabove;

R² in each occurrence may be the same or different and is as defined hereinabove; and

all remaining variables are as defined hereinabove.

In a further embodiment, compounds of Formula (V) may be selected from Group V(a):

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

In yet a further embodiment, the compounds of Formula (V) may be selected from Group V(b):

In still a further embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 13:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 13 as defined hereinabove.

In one embodiment, at least one R¹ of the compounds of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 14:

For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 14 as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment, R⁶ of Substituent Group 14 may be selected from hydrogen, halo, CN, OH, CH₂OH, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, OCHF₂, COCH₃, SO₂CH₃, SO₂CF₃, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHCH₃, SO₂N(CH₃)₂, NH₂, NHCOCH₃, N(COCH₃)₂, NHCONH₂, NHSO₂CH₃, alkoxy, alkyl, CO₂H,

wherein

R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, CH₃, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, and OCHF₂;

R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CH₃, COOCH₃, COOH, and CONH₂.

In yet another embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 15:

For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 15 as defined hereinabove.

In still another embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 8:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 8 as defined hereinabove.

In a further embodiment, at least one R¹ of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 9:

For example, in some embodiments, at least one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 9 as defined hereinabove.

In yet a further embodiment, one R¹ of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 10:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.

In still a further embodiment, each R¹ of Formula (V) may be independently selected from Substituent Group 11:

For example, in some embodiments, one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 11 as defined hereinabove.

In one embodiment, one R¹ of Formula (V) may be selected from Substituent Group 12:

For example, in some embodiments, one R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 12 as defined hereinabove.

In some embodiments:

A) the first occurrence of R¹ of Formula (V) is selected from Substituent Group 13:

and B) the second occurrence of R¹ of Formula (V) is selected from Substituent Group 10:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example in some embodiments, the first occurrence of R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 13 as defined hereinabove, and the second occurrence of R¹ of the structures of Groups V(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds may be represented by the general Formula (VI):

and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof,

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

In yet another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (VI) may be selected from Group VI(a):

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

In still another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (VI) may be selected from Group VI(b):

In a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 1:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 1 as defined hereinabove.

In yet a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 2:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 2 as defined hereinabove.

In still a further embodiment, R³ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 3:

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 3 as defined hereinabove.

In one embodiment, each R⁹ of Substituent Group 3 may independently be selected from:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment, R³ of Formula (VI) may be Substituent Group 16:

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 16 as defined hereinabove.

In yet another embodiment, R³ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 5:

wherein:

R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, halo, CN, alkyl, CO₂H,

For example, in some embodiments, R³ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 5 as defined hereinabove.

In still another embodiment, R¹ of the compounds of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 6:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 6 as defined hereinabove.

In a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 7:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 7 as defined hereinabove.

In yet a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 8:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 8 as defined hereinabove.

In still a further embodiment, R¹ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 9:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 9 as defined hereinabove.

In one embodiment, R¹ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 10:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 10 as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 11:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 11 as defined hereinabove.

In yet another embodiment, R¹ of Formula (VI) may be selected from Substituent Group 12:

For example, in some embodiments, R¹ of the structures of Groups VI(a) and (b) may be selected from Substituent Group 12 as defined hereinabove.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:

wherein all variables are as defined hereinabove.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In still a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In still a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In still a further embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions which include any of the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloproteases of the invention described hereinabove. In accordance therewith, some embodiments of the present invention provide a pharmaceutical composition which may include an effective amount of an amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of the compound of Formula (I) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of the compound of Formula (II) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of the compound of Formula (III) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of the compound of Formula (IV) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of the compound of Formula (V) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of the compound of Formula (VI) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention is also directed to methods of inhibiting metalloproteases and methods of treating diseases or symptoms mediated by an metalloprotease enzyme, particularly an MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or an ADAMTS-4 enzyme, and more particularly an MMP-13 enzyme and/or an MMP-3 enzyme. Such methods include administering a bicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Examples of diseases or symptoms mediated by an metalloprotease mediated enzyme include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, cancer (e.g. but not limited to melanoma, gastric carcinoma or non-small cell lung carcinoma), inflammation, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ocular diseases (e.g. but not limited to ocular inflammation, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration with the wet type preferred and corneal neovascularization), neurologic diseases, psychiatric diseases, thrombosis, bacterial infection, Parkinson's disease, fatigue, tremor, diabetic retinopathy, vascular diseases of the retina, aging, dementia, cardiomyopathy, renal tubular impairment, diabetes, psychosis, dyskinesia, pigmentary abnormalities, deafness, inflammatory and fibrotic syndromes, intestinal bowel syndrome, allergies, Alzheimers disease, arterial plaque formation, oncology, periodontal, viral infection, stroke, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, reperfusion injury, trauma, chemical exposure or oxidative damage to tissues, wound healing, hemorroid, skin beautifying, pain, inflammatory pain, bone pain and joint pain, acne, acute alcoholic hepatitis, acute inflammation, acute pancreatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, adult respiratory disease, airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, alcoholic-liver disease, allograft rejections, angiogenesis, angiogenic ocular disease, arthritis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, burn therapy, cardiac and renal reperfusion injury, celiac disease, cerebral and cardiac ischemia, CNS tumors, CNS vasculitis, colds, contusions, cor pulmonae, cough, Crohn's disease, chronic bronchitis, chronic inflammation, chronic pancreatitis, chronic sinusitis, crystal induced arthritis, cystic fibrosis, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, duodenal ulcers, dyspnea, early transplantation rejection, emphysema, encephalitis, endotoxic shock, esophagitis, gastric ulcers, gingivitis, glomerulonephritis, glossitis, gout, graft vs. host reaction, gram negative sepsis, granulocytic ehrlichiosis, hepatitis viruses, herpes, herpes viruses, HIV, hypercapnea, hyperinflation, hyperoxia-induced inflammation, hypoxia, hypersensitivity, hypoxemia, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial pneumonitis, ischemia reperfusion injury, kaposi's sarcoma associated virus, lupus, malaria, meningitis, multi-organ dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis, osteoporosis, periodontitis, peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), pre-term labor, polymyositis, post surgical trauma, pruritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pulmatory fibrosis, pulmatory hypertension, renal reperfusion injury, respiratory viruses, restinosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, sarcoidosis, septic shock, small airway disease, sprains, strains, subarachnoid hemorrhage, surgical lung volume reduction, thrombosis, toxic shock syndrome, transplant reperfusion injury, traumatic brain injury, ulcerative colitis, vasculitis, ventilation-perfusion mismatching, wheeze

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease, particularly MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or ADAMTS-4, and more particularly MMP-13, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula (I) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease, particularly MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or ADAMTS-4, and more particularly MMP-13, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula (II) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease, particularly MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or ADAMTS-4, and more particularly MMP-13, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula (III) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease, particularly MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or ADAMTS-4, and more particularly MMP-13 and/or MMP-3, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula (IV) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease, particularly MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or ADAMTS4, and more particularly MMP-13 and/or MMP-3, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula (V) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease, particularly MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or ADAMTS-4, and more particularly MMP-13 and/or MMP-3, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula (VI) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

In still a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an metalloprotease mediated disease, particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, a MMP-8 mediated disease, a MMP-3 mediated disease, a MMP-12 mediated disease and/or an ADAMTS-4 mediated disease and more particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an metalloprotease mediated disease, particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, a MMP-8 mediated disease, a MMP-3 mediated disease, a MMP-12 mediated disease and/or an ADAMTS-4 mediated disease and more particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (II) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an metalloprotease mediated disease, particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, a MMP-8 mediated disease, a MMP-3 mediated disease, a MMP-12 mediated disease and/or an ADAMTS-4 mediated disease and more particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (III) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an metalloprotease mediated disease, particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, a MMP-8 mediated disease, a MMP-3 mediated disease, a MMP-12 mediated disease and/or an ADAMTS-4 mediated disease and more particularly MMP-13 mediated disease and/or MMP-3 mediated disease, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (IV) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an metalloprotease mediated disease, particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, a MMP-8 mediated disease, a MMP-3 mediated disease, a MMP-12 mediated disease and/or an ADAMTS-4 mediated disease and more particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease and/or MMP-3 mediated disease, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (V) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an metalloprotease mediated disease, particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease, a MMP-8 mediated disease, a MMP-3 mediated disease, a MMP-12 mediated disease and/or an ADAMTS-4 mediated disease and more particularly a MMP-13 mediated disease and/or MMP-3 mediated disease, which includes administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (VI) and N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof.

Illustrative of the diseases which may be treated with such methods are: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, cancer, inflammation, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ocular diseases, neurological diseases, psychiatric diseases, thrombosis, bacterial infection, Parkinson's disease, fatigue, tremor, diabetic retinopathy, vascular diseases of the retina, aging, dementia, cardiomyopathy, renal tubular impairment, diabetes, psychosis, dyskinesia, pigmentary abnormalities, deafness, inflammatory and fibrotic syndromes, intestinal bowel syndrome, allergies, Alzheimer's disease, arterial plaque formation, oncology, periodontal, viral infection, stroke, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, reperfusion injury, trauma, chemical exposure or oxidative damage to tissues, wound healing, hemorroids, skin beautifying, pain, inflammatory pain, bone pain and joint pain.

In some embodiments, of the present invention, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds defined above are used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or symptom mediated by an MMP enzyme, particularly an MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-3, MMP-12 and/or an ADAMTS-4 enzyme, and more particularly an MMP-13 enzyme and/or an MMP-3 enzyme.

In some embodiments, the amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds defined above may be used in combination with a drug, active, or therapeutic agent such as, but not limited to: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic drug, such as, but not limited to, methotrexate, azathioptrineluflunomide, penicillamine, gold salts, mycophenolate, mofetil, and cyclophosphamide; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as, but not limited to, piroxicam, ketoprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, and ibuprofen; (c) a COX-2 selective inhibitor, such as, but not limited to, rofecoxib, celecoxib, and valdecoxib; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor, such as, but not limited to, piroxicam; (e) an immunosuppressive, such as, but not limited to, methotrexate, cyclosporin, leflunimide, tacrolimus, rapamycin, and sulfasalazine; (f) a steroid, such as, but not limited to, p-methasone, prednisone, cortisone, prednisolone, and dexamethasone; (g) a biological response modifier, such as, but not limited to, anti-TNF antibodies, TNF-α antagonists, IL-1 antagonists, anti-CD40, anti-CD28, IL-10, and anti-adhesion molecules; and (h) other anti-inflammatory agents or therapeutics useful for the treatment of chemokine mediated diseases, such as, but not limited to, p38 kinase inhibitors, PDE4 inhibitors, TACE inhibitors, chemokine receptor antagonists, thalidomide, leukotriene inhibitors, and other small molecule inhibitors of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which includes:

-   -   A) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) and         N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs,         formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers         thereof;     -   B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and     -   C) a member selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic         drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2         selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an         immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response         modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory         cytokine production.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which includes:

-   -   A) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (II) and         N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs,         formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers         thereof;     -   B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and     -   C) a member selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic         drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2         selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an         immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response         modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory         cytokine production.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which includes:

-   -   A) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (III) and         N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs,         formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers         thereof;     -   B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and     -   C) a member selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic         drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2         selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an         immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response         modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory         cytokine production.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which includes:

-   -   A) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (IV) and         N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs,         formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers         thereof;     -   B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and     -   C) a member selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic         drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2         selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an         immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response         modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory         cytokine production.

In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which includes:

-   -   A) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (V) and         N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs,         formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers         thereof;     -   B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and     -   C) a member selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic         drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2         selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an         immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response         modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory         cytokine production.

In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which includes:

-   -   A) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (VI) and         N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs,         formulation, polymorphs, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers         thereof;     -   B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and     -   C) a member selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic         drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2         selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an         immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response         modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory         cytokine production.

Biological Activity

The inhibiting activity towards different metalloproteases of the heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be measured using any suitable assay known in the art. A standard in vitro assay for measuring the metalloprotease inhibiting activity is described in Examples 1700 to 1704. The heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds show activity towards MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-12, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and/or ADAMTS-5.

The heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention have an MMP-13 inhibition activity (IC₅₀ MMP-13) ranging from below 0.1 nM to about 20 μM, and typically, from about 0.2 nM to about 2 μM. Heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention desirably have an MMP inhibition activity ranging from about 0.2 nM to about 20 nM. Table 1 lists typical examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an MMP-13 activity lower than 5 nM (Group A) and from 5 nM to 20 μM (Group B).

TABLE 1 Summary of MMP-13 Activity for Compounds Group Ex. # A 32, 37, 49, 63, 66, 73, 115, 159, 235, 317, 318, 319, 322, 328, 332, 337, 339, 340, 341, 343, 346, 348, 349, 351, 358, 359, 365, 379, 395, 397, 398, 399, 402, 403, 418, 419, 423, 425, 428, 430, 440, 442, 443, 449, 453, 459, 469, 476, 480, 1748, 1749, 1751, 1758, 1759, 1768, 1778, 1782, 1820, 1861, 1864, 1865, 1875, 1876, 1878, 1880, 1887, 1890, 1894, 1912, 1920, 1922, 1948, 1949, 2065, 2081, 2093, 2095, 2100, 2182, 2188, 2206, 2207, 2212, 2221, 2244, 2328, 2341. B 3, 4, 36, 71, 86, 93, 113, 126, 156, 158, 161, 231, 244, 246, 280, 308, 323, 347, 355, 363, 367, 400, 411, 420, 432, 461, 464, 466, 467, 479, 483, 1767, 1779, 1780, 1787, 1805, 1821, 1829, 1872, 1884, 1881, 1891, 1893, 1895, 1911, 1913, 1917, 1921, 1923, 1943, 1951, 1952, 2146, 2163, 2165, 2183, 2222, 2225, 2227, 2253, 2256, 2258, 2261, 2263, 2267, 2268, 2269, 2283, 2284, 2285, 2288, 2291, 2294, 2295, 2297, 2299, 2321, 2324, 2332, 2333, 2336, 2338, 2339, 2343, 2346, 2389, 2390, 2392.

Heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds, in particular compounds of Formula (V) of the invention have an MMP-3 inhibition activity (IC₅₀ MMP-3) ranging from below 5 nM to about 20 μM, and typically, from about 3 nM to about 2 μM. Heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention desirably have an MMP inhibition activity ranging from about 0.2 nM to about 20 nM. Table 2 lists typical examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an MMP-3 activity lower than 100 nM (Group A) and from 100 nM to 20 μM (Group B).

TABLE 2 Summary of MMP-3 Activity for Compounds Group Ex. # A 2300, 2301, 2304, 2309, 2314, 2315, 2319, 2320, 2321, 2323, 2330, 2331, 2332, 2333, 2342, 2346. B 159, 318, 328, 346, 348, 349, 395, 397, 419, 459, 484, 2346, 2303, 2305, 2310, 2316.

Some heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention have an MMP-8 inhibition activity (IC₅₀ MMP-8) ranging from about 2 μM to about 20 μM. Examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an MMP-8 activity below 20 μM are Ex. # 31, 318, 346, 395 and 397.

Some heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention have an MMP-12 inhibition activity (IC₅₀ MMP-12) ranging from below 1 mM to about 20 μM. Examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an MMP-12 activity below 20 μM are Ex. # 318, 322, 346, 395, 397, 418, 430, 440 and 459.

Heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds, in particular compounds of Formula (V) of the invention, show an MMP-3 mediated proteoglycan degradation ranging from below 50 nM to about 20 μM. Typical examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an IC₅₀-range of 20 to 40 nM in the MMP-3 Mediated Proteoglycan Degradation Assay (Ex. #1705) are Ex. #483 and 2343.

Heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds, in particular compounds of Formula (V) of the invention, of the invention show an inhibition of MMP-3 mediated pro-collagenase 3 activation ranging from below 50 nM to about 20 μM. Typical examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an IC₅₀-range of 10 to 30 nM in the Assay for Determining Inhibition of MMP-3 mediated Pro-Collagenase 3 Activation (Ex. #1706) are Ex. #483 and 2343.

The synthesis of metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention and their biological activity assay are described in the following examples which are not intended to be limiting in any way.

Schemes

Provided below are schemes according to which compounds of the present invention may be prepared. In schemes described herein, each of R^(A)R^(B) and R^(C)R^(D) may be the same or different, and each may independently be selected from R¹R² and R²⁰R²¹ as defined hereinabove. Each of X^(a), Y^(a), and Z^(a) shown in the schemes below may be the same or different, and each may independently be selected from N and CR⁴. X^(b) shown in the schemes below in each occurrence may be the same or different and is independently selected from O, S, and NR⁵¹. Y^(b) shown in the schemes below in each occurrence may be the same and is independently selected from CR⁴ and N.

In some embodiments the compounds of Formula (I)-(III) are synthesized by the general methods shown in Scheme 1 to Scheme 3.

Methyl acetopyruvate is condensed (e.g. MeOH/reflux, aqueous HCl/100° C. or glacial AcOH/95° C.) with an amino substituted 5-membered heterocycle (e.g. 1H-pyrazol-5-amine) to afford a bicyclic ring system as a separable mixture of regioisomer A and regioisomer B (Scheme 1).

The regioisomer A of the bicyclic ring system from Scheme 1 (e.g. 7-methyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester) is oxidized (e.g. selenium dioxide/120-130° C. and then Oxone®/room temperature) to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid (Scheme 2). Activated acid coupling (e.g. oxalyl chloride, PyBOP, PyBrOP, EDCI/HOAt or HATU/HOAt) with R^(A)R^(B)NH (e.g. 4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylamine) in a suitable solvent gives the desired amide after purification. Saponification (e.g. aqueous LiOH/dioxane, NaOH/MeOH or TMSnOH/80° C.) and further activated acid coupling (e.g. oxalyl chloride, PyBOP, PyBrOP, EDCI/HOAt, HATU/HOAt, N-cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methyl-polystyrene or polystyrene-IIDQ) with R^(C)R^(D)NH gives the desired bicyclic bisamide inhibitor after purification. If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).

The regioisomer B of the bicyclic ring system from Scheme 1 (e.g. 5-methyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-carboxylic acid methyl ester) is treated similarly as shown in Scheme 2 to give the desired bicyclic bisamide inhibitor after purification (Scheme 3). If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).

In some embodiments the compounds of Formula (I)-(III) are synthesized by the general methods shown in Scheme 4 to Scheme 8.

2-Chloro-6-methyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester is reduced (e.g. NaBH₄/MeOH) to the corresponding alcohol and protected with a suitable protecting group [PG, e.g. (2-methoxyethoxy)methyl] (Scheme 4). The obtained intermediate is stirred with hydrazine hydrate at 70° C. to afford the corresponding hydrazino pyrimidine after concentration. Cyclization with a suitable reagent (e.g. triethylortho formate) gives the protected hydroxymethyl substituted bicyclic ring system as a separable mixture of regioisomer A and regioisomer B.

The regioisomer A of the protected hydroxymethyl substituted bicyclic ring system from Scheme 4 (e.g. 7-(2-methoxy-ethoxymethoxymethyl)-5-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine) is deprotected (e.g. HCl/THF) and then oxidized (e.g. KMnO₄ in aqueous Na₂CO₃/50° C.) to afford the corresponding carboxy substituted bicyclic ring system (Scheme 5). Esterification (e.g. thionyl chloride/MeOH) and oxidation (e.g. selenium dioxide/70° C.) of this intermediate gives the corresponding carboxylic acid. Activated acid coupling (e.g. oxalyl chloride, PyBOP, PyBrOP, EDCI/HOAt or HATU/HOAt) with R^(A)R^(B)NH (e.g. 4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylamine) in a suitable solvent gives the desired amide after purification. Saponification (e.g. aqueous LiOH/dioxane, NaOH/MeOH or TMSnOH/80° C.) and further activated acid coupling (e.g. oxalyl chloride, PyBOP, PyBrOP, EDCI/HOAt, HATU/HOAt) with R^(C)R^(D)NH gives the desired bicyclic bisamide inhibitor after purification. If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).

The regioisomer B of the protected hydroxymethyl substituted bicyclic ring system from Scheme 4 (e.g. 5-(2-methoxy-ethoxymethoxymethyl)-7-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine) is treated similarly as shown in Scheme 5 to give the desired bicyclic bisamide inhibitor after purification (Scheme 6). If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).

2-Chloro-6-methyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester is oxidized (e.g. selenium dioxide/105° C.) to the corresponding carboxylic acid (Scheme 7). Activated acid coupling (e.g. oxalyl chloride) with R^(A)R^(B)NH (e.g. 4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylamine) in a suitable solvent gives the desired amide after purification. Saponification (e.g. aqueous LiOH/THF) and further activated acid coupling (e.g. PyBOP) with R^(C)R^(D)NH (e.g. 4-aminomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester) gives the corresponding benzotriazol-1-yloxy substituted pyrimidine bisamide.

A benzotriazol-1-yloxy substituted pyrimidine bisamide from Scheme 7 (e.g. 4-({[2-(benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-6-(4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-pyrimidine-4-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester) is stirred with hydrazine hydrate at room temperature to afford the corresponding hydrazino pyrimidine bisamide after concentration (Scheme 8). Cyclization with a suitable reagent (e.g. phosgene) gives the corresponding bicyclic bisamide inhibitor as a mixture of regioisomer A and regioisomer B. If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).

In some embodiments the compounds of Formula (IV)-(VI) are synthesized by the general methods shown in Scheme 9 to Scheme 12.

An ester and amino substituted heterocycle (e.g. 3-amino-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester) is condensed (e.g. EtOH/reflux) with formamidine to give a hydroxy substituted bicyclic ring system (Scheme 9). This intermediate is then converted into the corresponding bromo derivative using a suitable reagent (e.g. POBr₃/80° C.). The resulting bromide is heated to (e.g. 80° C.) with a suitable catalyst (e.g. Pd(OAc)₂, dppf) and base (e.g. Et₃N) under a carbon monoxide atmosphere in a suitable solvent (e.g. MeOH) to give the corresponding bicyclic methylester after purification. Nitration (e.g. concentrated HNO₃/0° C. to room temperature) and saponification (e.g. aqueous LiOH) gives the corresponding nitro substituted bicyclic carboxylic acid. Activated acid coupling (e.g. EDCI/HOAt) with R^(A)R^(B)NH (e.g. 6-aminomethyl-4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-one) in a suitable solvent gives the desired amide. This intermediate is stirred with a suitable catalyst (e.g. Pd/C) and acid (e.g. AcOH) under a hydrogen atmosphere to afford corresponding amino substituted bicyclic amide after purification.

Commercially available 2-fluoro-3-oxo-butyric acid ethyl ester is condensed (e.g. MeOH/reflux) with thiourea to give the corresponding fluoro pyrimidinone derivative (Scheme 10). Removal of the sulphur with a catalyst (e.g. Raney-nickel) at elevated temperature (e.g. 100° C.) in a suitable solvent (e.g. H₂O) gives the corresponding fluoro pyrimidine derivative. This intermediate is converted into the corresponding bromo derivative by heating with base (e.g. K₂CO₃) and a suitable reagent (e.g. POBr₃) in a suitable solvent (e.g. CH₃CN). The resulting bromide is heated to (e.g. 80° C.) with a suitable catalyst (e.g. Pd(OAc)₂, dppf) and base (e.g. Et₃N) under a carbon monoxide atmosphere in a suitable solvent (e.g. MeOH) to give the corresponding fluoro pyrimidine carboxylic acid methyl ester after purification. Oxidation of the methyl group with a suitable reagent (e.g. selenium dioxide) in a suitable solvent (e.g. 1,4-dioxane) at elevated temperature (e.g. 120° C.) in a sealed vessel affords the corresponding fluoro pyrimidine monoacid monoester. Coupling of the acid derivative using an activated acid method (e.g. EDCI, HOAt, DMF, base) with R^(A)R^(B)NH (e.g. 3-chloro-4-fluoro benzylamine) affords the desired products after purification. Saponification of the remaining ester moiety with base (e.g. aqueous KOH) affords the corresponding free acid derivatives. This derivatives are converted to the corresponding amides via the formation of their acid chlorides using suitable conditions (e.g. oxalyl chloride, DMF, 0-5° C.), followed by treatment with anhydrous NH₃ (e.g. 0.5M in 1,4-dioxane) and subsequent purification. Dehydration under suitable conditions (e.g. oxalyl chloride, DMF, pyridine, 0-5° C.) affords the corresponding nitriles after workup. Cyclization of these derivatives with a suitable reagent (e.g. hydrazine) in a suitable solvent (e.g. 1,4-dioxane) affords the corresponding 3-hydroxy-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin derivatives. (Scheme 10).

The amino substituted bicyclic amide from scheme 9 (e.g. 3-amino-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxylic acid 3-chloro-4-fluoro-benzylamide) and the carbonyl compound (CO)R^(C)R^(D) (e.g. 4-fluorobenzaldehyde) is stirred with a suitable reducing agent (e.g. NaCNBH₃) and a small amount of acid (e.g. AcOH) in a suitable solvent (e.g. MeOH) to give the corresponding bicyclic inhibitor after purification (Scheme 11). If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).

The amino substituted bicyclic amide from scheme 9 (e.g. 7-amino-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid (3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-ylmethyl)-amide is stirred with the acid chloride R^(C)COCl or with the acid anhydride (R^(C)CO)₂O (e.g. acetic anhydride) in a suitable solvent (e.g. pyridine) to give the corresponding bicyclic inhibitor after purification (Scheme 12). If necessary, the R group can be further manipulated (e.g. saponification of a COOMe group in R).

EXAMPLES AND METHODS

All reagents and solvents were obtained from commercial sources and used without further purification. Proton spectra (¹H-NMR) were recorded on a 400 MHz and a 250 MHz NMR spectrometer in deuterated solvents. Purification by column chromatography was performed using silica gel, grade 60, 0.06-0.2 mm (chromatography) or silica gel, grade 60, 0.04-0.063 mm (flash chromatography) and suitable organic solvents as indicated in specific examples. Preparative thin layer chromatography was carried out on silica gel plates with UV detection.

Preparative Examples 1-395, 805 and 836-1051 are directed to intermediate compounds useful in preparing the compounds of the present invention.

Preparative Example 1

Step A

Under a nitrogen atmosphere a 1M solution of BH₃.THF complex in THF (140 mL) was added dropwise over a 3 h period to an ice cooled solution of commercially available 3-bromo-2-methyl-benzoic acid (20.0 g) in anhydrous THF (200 mL). Once gas evolution had subsided, the cooling bath was removed and mixture stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The mixture was then poured into a mixture of 1N aqueous HCl (500 mL) and ice and then extracted with Et₂O (3×150 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (18.1 g, 97%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 7.10 (t, 1H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H).

Step B

Under a nitrogen atmosphere PBr₃ (5.52 mL) was added over a 10 min period to an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step A above (18.1 g) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL). The cooling bath was removed and mixture stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The mixture was cooled (0-5° C.), quenched by dropwise addition of MeOH (20 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×150 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a viscous oil (23.8 g, 97%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.25 (d, 1H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H).

Step C

Under a nitrogen atmosphere a 1.5M solution of lithium diispropylamide in cyclohexane (63 mL) was added dropwise to a cooled (−78° C., acetone/dry ice) solution of ^(t)BuOAc in anhydrous THF (200 mL). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then a solution of the title compound from Step B above (23.8 g) in THF (30 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 12 h while warming to room temperature. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with Et₂O (300 mL), washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (2×100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a pale-yellow viscous oil (21.5 g, 80%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.25 (d, 1H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 3.00 (t, 2H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 9H).

Step D

A mixture of the title compound from Step C above (21.5 g) and polyphosphoric acid (250 g) was placed in a preheated oil bath (140° C.) for 10 min while mixing the thick slurry occasionally with a spatula. The oil bath was removed, ice and H₂O (1 L) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with H₂O (2×100 mL) and dried to afford the title compound (16.7 g, 96%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 3.00 (t, 2H), 2.65 (t, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H).

Step E

Under a nitrogen atmosphere oxalyl chloride (12.0 mL) was added dropwise to an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step D above (11.6 g) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h and then concentrated. The remaining dark residue was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL) and AlCl₃ (6.40 g) was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h, cooled and poured into ice water (500 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a light brown solid (10.6 g, 98%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.65 (d, 1H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 3.05 (t, 2H), 2.70 (t, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H).

Step F

Using a syringe pump, a solution of the title compound from Step E above (9.66 g) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (70 mL) was added over a 10 h period to a cooled (−20° C., internal temperature) mixture of a 1M solution of (S)-(−)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine in toluene (8.6 mL) and a 1M solution of BH₃.Me₂S complex in CH₂Cl₂ (43.0 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL). The mixture was then quenched at −20° C. by addition of MeOH (100 mL), warmed to room temperature, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, Et₂O/CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (8.7 g, 90%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 5.25 (m, 1H), 3.10 (m, 1H), 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.50 (m, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.00 (m, 1H).

Step G

Under a nitrogen atmosphere NEt₃ (15.9 mL) and methanesulfonyl chloride (4.5 mL) were added subsequently to a cooled (−78° C., acetone/dry ice) solution of the title compound from Step F above (8.7 g) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 90 min, then NH₃ (˜150 mL) was condensed into the mixture using a dry ice condenser at a rate of ˜3 mL/min and stirring at −78° C. was continued for 2 h. Then the mixture was gradually warmed to room temperature allowing the NH₃ to evaporate. 1N aqueous NaOH (200 mL) was added, the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining light brown oil was dissolved in Et₂O (200 mL) and a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) was added. The formed precipitate was collected and dried to give the title compound (9.0 g, 90%). [M-NH₃Cl]⁺=209/211.

Step H

To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step G above (5.2 g) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) were subsequently added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (5.0 g) and NEt₃ (9.67 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h, concentrated, diluted with Et₂O (250 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (7.28 g, 97%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, free base) δ=7.40 (m, H), 7.00 (d, 1H), 4.30 (t, 1H) 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.80 (m, 1H).

Step I

Under a nitrogen atmosphere a mixture of the title compound from Step H above (7.2 g), Zn(CN)₂ (5.2 g) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (2.6 g) in anhydrous DMF (80 mL) was heated to 100° C. for 18 h, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (4.5 g, 75%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 5.15 (m, 1H), 4.75 (m, 1H), 2.95 (m, 1H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.50 (s, 9H).

Preparative Example 2

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 1, Step I (1.0 g) was suspended in 6N aqueous HCl (20 mL), heated to 100° C. for 12 h and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid. (834 mg, >99%). [M-NH₃Cl]⁺=175.

Step B

Anhydrous HCl gas was bubbled through an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.0 g) in anhydrous MeOH (20 mL) for 2-3 min. The cooling bath was removed, the mixture was heated to reflux for 12 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid (880 mg, 83%). [M-NH₃Cl]⁺=189.

Preparative Example 3

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 5-bromo-indan-1-one (1.76 g), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (636 mg) and NaOAc (751 mg) in MeOH (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and then diluted with H₂O (100 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O (3×20 mL) and dried to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (1.88 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=226/228.

Step B

Under an argon atmosphere a 1M solution of LiAlH₄ in Et₂O (42.4 mL) was slowly added to a cooled (−78° C., acetone/dry ice) solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.88 g) in Et₂O (20 mL). Then the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 h. The mixture was cooled (0-5° C.) and H₂O (1.6 mL), 15% aqueous NaOH (1.6 mL) and H₂O (4.8 mL) were carefully and sequentially added. The resulting mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite® and concentrated to give the title compound as a clear oil (1.65 g, 94%). [MH]⁺=212/214.

Step C

To a boiling solution of the title compound from Step B above (1.13 g) in MeOH (2.3 mL) was added a hot solution of commercially available N-acetyl-L-leucine (924 mg) in MeOH (3 mL). The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature, which afforded a white precipitate. The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with MeOH (2 mL) and recrystallized from MeOH (2×). The obtained solid was dissolved in a mixture of 10% aqueous NaOH (20 mL) and Et₂O (20 mL), the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as a clear oil (99 mg, 18%). [MH]⁺=212/214.

Step D

To a solution of the title compound from Step C above (300 mg) in THF (10 mL) were subsequently added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (370 mg) and NEt₃ (237 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a clear oil (460 mg, >99%). [MNa]⁺=334/336.

Step E

Under an argon atmosphere a mixture of the title compound from Step D above (460 mg), Zn(CN)₂ (200 mg) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (89 mg) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was heated in a sealed vial to 110° C. for 18 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with Et₂O (20 mL) and H₂O (20 mL). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O (4×10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O (3×10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a clear oil (170 mg, 47%). [MH]⁺=259.

Preparative Example 4

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 3, Step E (1.0 g) was suspended in 6N aqueous HCl (50 mL), heated under closed atmosphere to 110-112° C. for 20 h and concentrated to give the title compound (827 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=178.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (827 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous MeOH (150 mL) and saturated with anhydrous HCl gas. The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 20 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The remaining oil was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as an oil which slowly crystallized into a light brown solid (660 mg, 89%). [MH]⁺=192.

Preparative Example 5

Step A

To a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.78 g) in dry MeOH (100 mL) was added a 30 wt % solution of NaOMe in MeOH (7.27 mL). The resulting white suspension was stirred at room temperature for 15 min and a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 3, Step E (5.17 g) in dry MeOH (100 mL) was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 20 h (complete conversion checked by HPLC/MS, [MH]⁺=292) and then cooled to room temperature. Diethyl carbonate (48.2 g) and a 30 wt % solution of NaOMe in MeOH (7.27 mL) were added successively and the resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with 1M aqueous NH₄Cl (200 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (60:40, 500 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (3×200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a white solid (3.89 g, 61%) [MNa]⁺=340.

Preparative Example 6

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 1, Step I (1.37 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 5, Step A to afford the title compound as a white solid (845 mg, 51%). [MNa]⁺=354.

Preparative Example 7

Step A

To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 2, Step B (5.94 g) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) were subsequently added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.6 g) and NEt₃ (1 mL). The mixture was stirred for 3 h, concentrated, diluted with Et₂O (250 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (7.28 g, 97%). [MNa]⁺=328.

Step B

To a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (7.28 g) in THF (60 mL) was added 1M aqueous LiOH (60 mL). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h, concentrated, diluted with H₂O, adjusted to pH 5 with HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as colorless solid (1.87 g, 27%). [MNa]⁺=314.

Step C

At 80° C. N,N-dimethylformamide di-tert-butyl acetal (6.2 mL) was added to a solution of the title compound from Step B above (1.87 g) in dry toluene (15 mL). The mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 3 h, cooled to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (820 mg, 38%). [MNa]⁺=370.

Step D

To a solution of the title compound from Step C above (820 mg) in ^(t)BuOAc (40 mL) was added concentrated H₂SO₄ (0.65 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (640 mg, 99%). [M-NH₂]⁺=231.

Preparative Example 8

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 3, Step E (153 mg) in EtOH (10 mL) were added NEt₃ (0.16 mL) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (81 mg). The mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h, then concentrated, dissolved in THF (5 mL) and pyridine (0.19 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.25 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 16 h. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as a white solid (217 mg, >99%). [MNa]⁺=392.

Preparative Example 9

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 4, Step A (33.7 mg) in 1,4-dioxane/H₂O (1:1, 2 mL) were added NaOH (97.4 mg) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (68.7 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, diluted with EtOAc, washed with 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated to give a white solid (34.6 mg, 71%). [MNa]⁺=300.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (34.6 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) were added oxalyl chloride (33 μL) and DMF (2 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and added to a cold (−78° C.) saturated solution of NH₃ in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, warmed to room temperature, concentrated, redissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), filtered, and concentrated to give a white solid (25.9 mg, 75%). [MNa]⁺=299.

Preparative Example 10

Step A

To mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 7, Step B (536 mg) and allyl bromide (1.6 mL) in CHCl₃/THF (1:1, 20 mL) were added Bu₄NHSO₄ (70 mg) and a 1M solution of LiOH in H₂O (10 mL) and the resulting biphasic mixture was stirred at 40° C. overnight. The organic phase was separated, concentrated, diluted with CHCl₃, washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (610 mg, >99%). [MNa]⁺=354.

Preparative Example 11

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 9, Step A (97 mg) in dry DMF (5 mL) were added K₂CO₃ (97 mg) and allyl bromide (22 μL). The mixture was stirred overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (81 mg, 68%). [MNa]⁺=340.

Preparative Example 12

Step A

To a solution of commercially available 2-amino-4-chloro-phenol (5.0 g) and NaHCO₃ (7.7 g) in acetone/H₂O was slowly added 2-bromopropionyl bromide (4 mL) at room temperature, before the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h. The acetone was evaporated and the formed precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with H₂O and dried to afford the title compound as brown crystals (6.38 g, 93%). [MH]⁺=198.

Preparative Example 13

Step A

To a solution of commercially available 2-amino-4-chloro-phenol (5.0 g) and NaHCO₃ (7.7 g) in acetone/H₂O (4:1, 200 mL) was slowly added 2-bromo-2-methylpropionyl bromide (8.3 mL) at room temperature, before the mixture was heated at ˜90° C. overnight. The acetone was evaporated and the formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with H₂O (100 mL) and recrystallized from acetone/H₂O (1:1) to afford the title compound as a pale brown solid (4.8 g, 33%). [MH]⁺=212.

Preparative Example 14

Step A

To a solution of commercially available 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one (1.63 g) in THF (20 mL) was added NaH (95%, 0.28 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min, N-phenyl-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (4.0 g) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., diluted with H₂O (40 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (2.29 g, 78%). [MH]⁺=296.

Preparative Example 15

Step A

Commercially available 5-chloro-2-methylbenzoxazole (1.5 g), KCN (612 mg), dipiperidinomethane (720 μL), Pd(OAc)₂ (80 mg) and 1,5-bis-(diphenylphosphino)pentane (315 mg) were dissolved in dry toluene (20 mL), degassed and heated at 160° C. in a sealed pressure tube under an argon atmosphere for 24 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (372 mg, 26%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.90 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.58 (s, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H).

Preparative Example 16

Step A

A solution of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzylamine hydrochloride (5.39 g), K₂CO₃ (7.74 g) and benzyl chloroformate (3.8 mL) in THF/H₂O was stirred at room temperature for 90 min. The resulting mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and slurried in pentane. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to give the title compound as colorless needles (7.74 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=338/340.

Preparative Example 17

Step A

To a suspension of commercially available 5-bromo-2-fluoro-benzoic acid (4.52 g) in dry toluene (200 mL) were added NEt₃ (3.37 mL) and diphenylphosphoryl azide (5.28 mL). The resulting clear solution was heated to reflux for 161/2 h, then benzyl alcohol (2.51 mL) was added and heating to reflux was continued for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (2.96 g, 46%). [MH]⁺=324/326.

Preparative Example 18

Step A

A solution of commercially available 4-bromophenol (3.36 g), 3-chloro-butan-2-one (2.2 mL) and K₂CO₃ (4 g) in acetone (40 mL) was heated to reflux for 3 h. Then an additional amount of 3-chloro-butan-2-one and K₂CO₃ was added and heating to reflux was continued overnight. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with H₂O, 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The obtained colorless oil was added dropwise at 100° C. to phosphorous oxychloride (4.7 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 1 h, cooled to room temperature and ice, followed by EtOAc was added. The organic layer was separated, washed subsequently with saturated aqueous NaCl and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane) to afford the title compound as a bright yellow solid (2.55 g, 58%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.50 (s, 1H), 7.20-7.30 (m, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H).

Preparative Example 19

Step A

A 2.5M solution of BuLi in hexane (13.6 mL) was diluted in THF (50 mL) and cooled to −78° C. (dry ice/acetone). To this solution were subsequently added 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (4.8 g) and commercially available 2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (5 g). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h and then a solution of iodine (17.3 g) in THF (50 mL) was added. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the mixture was quenched with 1M aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ (50 mL), the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound as a pale yellow solid (6.3 g, 68%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=8.63 (dd, 1H), 8.36 (d, 1H), 7.20 (dd, 1H).

Step B

A 2.5M solution of BuLi in hexane (7.2 mL) was diluted in THF (30 mL) and cooled to −78° C. (dry ice/acetone). To this solution were subsequently and dropwise added ^(i)Pr₂NH (2.5 mL) and the title compound from Step A above (4.9 g). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h, quenched at −78° C. with MeOH (2 mL), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as yellow needles (1.6 g, 32%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=8.40 (d, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, 1H).

Preparative Example 20

Step A

A suspension of commercially available 6-chloro-4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-one (3.2 g) and CuCN (2.9 g) in dry N-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (15 mL) was placed in a preheated oil bath (˜250° C.). After stirring at this temperature overnight, the mixture was concentrated, diluted with H₂O (200 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (2×200 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue crystallized from EtOAc/toluene to afford the title compound as a tan solid (720 mg, 24%). [MH]⁺=175.

Preparative Examples 21-24

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 20, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-1 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-1 Prep. Ex. # intermediate product yield 21

39% [MH]⁺ = 189 22

45% [MH]⁺ = 203 23

74% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 7.30 (d, 1 H), 7.06 (s, 1 H), 7.03 (d, 1 H). 24

64% [MH]⁺ = 173

Preparative Example 25

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 18, Step A (2.55 g), Zn(CN)₂ (1.0 g) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (653 mg) in dry DMF (10 mL) was degassed and heated at 85° C. under an argon atmosphere for 40 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless crystals (1.05 g, 54%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.72 (s, 1H), 7.35-7.50 (m, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H).

Preparative Examples 26-30

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 25, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-2 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-2 Prep. Ex. # intermediate product yield 26

>99% [MNa]⁺ = 261 27

94% [MH]⁺ = 173 28

86% [MH]⁺ = 173 29

98% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 7.10-7.75 (m, 8 H), 5.22 (br s, 1 H), 5.13 (s, 2 H), 4.42 (d, 2 H). 30

56% [MH]⁺ = 271

Preparative Example 31

Step A

A solution of commercially available 3-cyano-benzenesulfonyl chloride (1.07 g) in a 33% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then concentrated to ˜20 mL and placed in an ice bath. The formed precipitate was separated by filtration, washed with H₂O and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (722 mg, 75%). [MH]⁺=183.

Preparative Example 32

Step A

Commercially available 2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1.0 g) was dissolved in a 7M solution of NH₃ in MeOH and heated in a sealed pressure tube to 50° C. for 16 h. Cooling to room temperature and concentration afforded the title compound (941 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=192.

Step B

A 2M solution of oxalyl chloride in CH₂Cl₂ (520 μL) was diluted in DMF (3 mL) and then cooled to 0° C. Pyridine (168 μL) and a solution of the title compound from Step A above (100 mg) in DMF (1 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h and then at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (60 mg, 65%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=9.20 (d, 1H), 7.85 (d, 1H).

Preparative Example 33

Step A

A solution of commercially available 7-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (103 mg) and sulfamide (69 mg) in dry 1,2-dimethoxyethane (10 mL) was heated to reflux overnight, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid (165 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=238.

Preparative Example 34

Step A

To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 33, Step A (165 mg) in dry MeOH (20 mL) were added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (300 mg) and NiCl₂.6H₂O (20 mg), followed by the careful portionwise addition of NaBH₄ (220 mg). The resulting black mixture was stirred for 20 min at 0-5° C. (ice bath), then the ice bath was removed and stirring at room temperature was continued overnight. Then diethylenetriamine was added and the mixture was concentrated to dryness. The remaining residue was suspended in EtOAc washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (109 mg, 46%). [MNa]⁺=364.

Preparative Example 35

Step A

A solution of commercially available 7-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (407 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added iodosobenzene (1.13 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH). The obtained intermediate (240 mg) was dissolved in dry DMF (7 mL) and cooled to 0° C. An excess of NaH and methyl iodide were added subsequently and the mixture was stirred for 2 h while warming to room temperature. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to give the title compound as a slowly crystallizing oil (104 mg, 22%). [MH]⁺=187.

Preparative Example 36

Step A

To a solution of commercially available 7-Cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (158 mg) in acetic anhydride (5 mL) was added pyridine (0.2 mL). The mixture was stirred overnight and then concentrated to afford the crude title compound. [MNa]⁺=223.

Preparative Example 37

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 20, Step A (549 mg) was dissolved in dry DMF (7 mL) and cooled to 0° C. An excess of NaH and methyl iodide were added subsequently and the mixture was stirred for 2 h while warming to room temperature. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless needles (311 mg, 52%). [MH]⁺=189.

Preparative Example 38

Step A

Under an argon atmosphere a mixture of commercially available 4-fluoro-3-methoxybenzonitrile (5.0 g), AlCl₃ (8.8 g) and NaCl (1.94 g) was heated (melted) to 190° C. for 45 min, cooled, poured on ice (200 mL) and extracted with CHCl₃ (3×). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless needles (3.45 g, 76%). [MH]⁺=138.

Step B

A suspension of the title compound from Step A above (883 mg) and K₂CO₃ (980 mg) in dry DMF (15 mL) was heated to 50° C. for 10 min and then cooled to −40° C. Chlorodifluoromethane (50 g) was condensed into the mixture and the resulting slurry was stirred at 80° C. with a dry ice condenser for 6 h and then at room temperature overnight without condenser. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the crude title compound as a colorless oil (1.31 g). [MH]⁺=188.

Preparative Example 39

Step A

To a cooled (−30° C.) solution of ^(i)Pr₂NH (16.9 mL) in THF (140 mL) was dropwise added a 2.5M solution of BuLi in hexane (43.2 mL). The mixture was stirred between −20° C. and −30° C. for 20 min and then cooled to −78° C. To this solution dry HMPA (72 mL) was added dropwise not allowing the temperature of the mixture to exceed −70° C. The resultant mixture was cooled again to −78° C. and a solution of commercially available dimethylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate (20 g) in THF (20 mL) was added dropwise over a period of ˜10 min. Stirring at −78° C. was continued for 40 min, then 1-bromo-2-chloroethane (10 mL) was added over a period of 5 min, the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The mixture was then quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl, the volatiles were removed by evaporation and the mixture was diluted with cyclohexane and H₂O. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with cyclohexane (2×). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was distilled (10⁻² mbar, 100° C.) to give the title compound as a pale yellow oil (17 g, 65%). [MH]⁺=263.

Step B

To a cooled (−30° C.) solution of ^(i)Pr₂NH (18.7 mL) in THF (180 mL) was dropwise added a 2.5M solution of BuLi in hexane (53.6 mL). The mixture was stirred between −20° C. and −30° C. for 20 min and then cooled to −78° C. This solution was canulated over a period of 30 min into a cooled (−78° C.) mixture of the title compound from Step A above (32 g) and HMPA (90 mL) in THF (440 mL) not allowing the temperature of the mixture to exceed −70° C. Stirring at −78° C. was continued for 25 min and then the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over a period of 1½ h. The mixture was kept at room temperature for 1 h and then quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The volatiles were removed by evaporation and the mixture was diluted with cyclohexane and H₂O. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with cyclohexane (3×). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was recrystallized from cyclohexane to give the title compound (13.8 g, 50%). [MH]⁺=227.

Step C

A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (20 g) and KOH (5.5 g) in MeOH/H₂O (10:1, 106 mL) was heated to reflux overnight, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc and extracted with 1N aqueous NaOH (2×100 mL). The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the starting material as a white solid. The combined aqueous phases were adjusted with 2N aqueous HCl to pH 1-2 and extracted with EtOAc (4×250 mL). The combined turbid organic phases were filtered through a fluted filter, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid (13.1 g, 70%). [MH]⁺=213.

Step D

To a cooled (−40° C.) solution of the title compound from Step C above (500 mg) and NEt₃ (1.23 mL) in THF (50 mL) was slowly added ethyl chloroformate (0.67 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to −25° C. and stirred at this temperature for 1 h. A 7N solution of NH₃ in MeOH (10 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 30 min. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min before it was concentrated. To the remaining residue were added H₂O (10 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL), the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with 1N aqueous KOH (10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (458 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=212.

Preparative Example 40

Step A

To a cooled (0° C.) mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 39, Step A (228 mg) and imidazole (147 mg) in pyridine (10 mL) was slowly added POCl₃ (0.40 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then added to a mixture of ice, NaCl and EtOAc. The organic phase was separated and washed with 1N aqueous HCl until the aqueous phase remained acidic. Drying (MgSO₄), filtration and concentration afforded the title compound (137 mg, 72%). [MH]⁺=194.

Preparative Example 41

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 40, Step A (137 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 34, Step A to afford the title compound (163 mg, 77%). [MNa]⁺=320.

Preparative Example 42

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 41, Step A (2.0 g) in MeOH (10 mL) was added a solution of KOH (753 mg) in H₂O (2 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux for 15 h, concentrated to approximately half of its volume and diluted with H₂O (50 mL). EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was acidified to pH 4.5 and extracted with EtOAc (3×40 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.1 g, 56%). [MNa]⁺=306.

Preparative Example 43

Step A

A mixture of commercially available norbonene (15 g) and RuCl₃ (0.3 g) in CHCl₃ (100 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Then a solution of NaIO₄ (163 g) in H₂O (1200 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 d. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was saturated with NaCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×500 mL). The combined organic phases were treated with MgSO₄ and charcoal, filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound as thick slightly purple liquid (13.5 g, 53%). [MH]⁺=159.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (11.2 g) in MeOH (250 mL) was added concentrated H₂SO₄ (0.5 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was heated to reflux for 15 h, cooled to room temperature, filtrated and concentrated. The remaining residue was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (3×50 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (8.43 g, 64%). [MH]⁺=187.

Step C

To a cooled (−20° C.) solution of ^(i)Pr₂NH (17.3 mL) in THF (230 mL) was dropwise added a 2.5M solution of BuLi in hexane (45.3 mL). The mixture was stirred between −20° C. and −30° C. for 20 min and then cooled to −78° C. To this solution dry HMPA (63.2 mL) was added dropwise not allowing the temperature of the mixture to exceed −70° C. The resultant mixture was cooled again to −78° C. and a solution of the title compound from Step B above (8.43 g) in THF (40 mL) was added dropwise over a period of 20 min. Then the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min and cooled again to −78° C. 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane (6.32 mL) was added over a period of 40 min, the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over a period of 2 h. The mixture was then quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (60 mL), concentrated to ⅕ volume and diluted with H₂O (120 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with cyclohexane (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (7.86 g, 82%). [MH]⁺=213.

Step D

To a solution of the title compound from Step C above (3.5 g) in MeOH (15 mL) was added a solution of KOH (1.6 g) in H₂O (1.75 mL). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated to 140° C. for 25 min before H₂O (30 mL) was added. The aqueous mixture was washed with cyclohexane (2×30 mL), adjusted to pH 1 with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×30 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (15 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (2.3 g, 70%). [MH]⁺=199.

Preparative Example 44

Step A

To a solution of commercially available trans-4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (262 mg) in dry THF (5 mL) was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (243 mg). The resulting clear colorless solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then a 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 5 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (250 mg, 97%). [MNa]⁺=279.

Preparative Example 45

Step A

To a solution of title compound from the Preparative Example 7, Step B (35 mg) in DMF (3 mL) were added HATU (60 mg), HOAt (20 mg) and a 2M solution of MeNH₂ in THF (150 μL). The mixture was stirred for 16 h, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (35 mg, 95%). [MH]⁺=291.

Preparative Examples 46-53

Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 39 (method A), 44 (method B) or 45 (method C), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table I-3 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-3 Prep. Ex. # acid, amine product method, yield 46

A, 79% [MH]⁺ = 297 47

B, 90% [MH]⁺ = 311 48

B, 44% [MH]⁺ = 353

49

A, 51% [MH]⁺ = 283 50

A, 37% [MH]⁺ = 198 51

B, 99% [MNa]⁺ = 293 52

B, 98% [MNa]⁺ = 307 53

C, 60% [MH]⁺ = 305

Preparative Example 54

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 50 (300 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 40, Step A to afford the title compound (250 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=180.

Preparative Example 55

Step A

To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 39, Step C (1.0 g) in acetone (7.5 mL) was added phenolphthaleine (1 crystal). To this mixture was added 1M aqueous NaOH until the color of the solution changed to red (pH ˜8.5). Then a solution of AgNO₃ (850 mg) in H₂O (1.25 mL) was added. The formed precipitate (Ag-salt) was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O, acetone and Et₂O and dried in vacuo at room temperature for 6 h and at 100° C. for 18 h. The obtained solid (1.28 g) was suspended in hexane (15 mL), bromine (643 mg) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Then the mixture was placed in a preheated oil bath (80° C.) and stirred at the temperature for another 30 min. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with Et₂O (2×30 mL). The combined filtrates were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×25 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (817 mg, 70%). [MH]⁺=247/249.

Preparative Example 56

Step A

To the title compound from the Preparative Example 55, Step A (600 mg) was added 1% aqueous NaOH (65 mL). The mixture was stirred at 100° C. (temperature of the oil bath) for 18 h, concentrated to 15 mL and diluted with 1N aqueous HCl (20 mL). The resulting mixture was acidified to pH 1 with 12N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×75 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was not further purified (340 mg, 82%). [M-CO₂]⁺=188/190.

Preparative Example 57

Step A

To a cooled (−30° C.) solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 56, Step A (540 mg) and NEt₃ (375 μL) in THF (25 mL) was added ethyl chloroformate (200 μL). The mixture was stirred at −30° C. for 1 h and then filtered. The precipitated salts were washed with THF (15 mL). The combined filtrates were cooled to −20° C. and a 33% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (7 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 20 min, then the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 min. Then the mixture was concentrated and dissolved in THF (12 mL). Pyridine (690 μL) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. Trifluoroacetic anhydride (600 μL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. Then the mixture was concentrated to 5 mL, diluted with MeOH (10 mL) and 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2½ h. The MeOH was evaporated and Et₂O/EtOAc (9:1, 80 mL), H₂O (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (15 mL) were added. The organic phase was separated, washed with 0.1N aqueous HCl (30 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was not further purified (222 mg, 86%). [MH]⁺=214/216.

Preparative Examples 58-80

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 34, except using the nitrites indicated in Table I-4 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-4 Prep. Ex. # nitrile product yield 58

68% [MNa]⁺ = 310 59

73% [MNa]⁺ = 285 60

68% [MNa]⁺ = 298 61

69% [MNa]⁺ = 313 62

41% [MNa]⁺ = 301 63

51% [MNa]⁺ = 315 64

62% [MNa]⁺ = 315 65

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 314 66

98% [MH]⁺ = 307 67

67% [MH]⁺ = 277 68

18% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 8.80 (d, 1 H), 7.50 (d, 1 H), 5.40 (br s, 1 H), 4.50 (br d, 2 H), 1.40 (s, 9 H) 69

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 309 70

67% [MH]⁺ = 292 71

74% [MH]⁺ = 243 72

38% [M-isobutene]⁺ = 282 73

24% [M-isobutene]⁺ = 262 74

57% [MH]⁺ = 284 75

61% [MH]⁺ = 226 76

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 305 77

75% [MNa]⁺ = 299 78

79% [MH]⁺ = 277 79

>99% [MNa]⁺ = 411 80

89% [MNa]⁺ = 397

Preparative Example 81

Step A

To the title compound from the Preparative Example 55, Step A (677 mg) was added 10% aqueous NaOH (65 mL). The mixture was stirred at 100° C. (temperature of the oil bath) for 42 h, concentrated to 15 mL and diluted with 1N aqueous HCl (30 mL). The resulting mixture was acidified to pH 1 with 12N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (5×70 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (540 mg, 89%). [MH]⁺=171.

Preparative Example 82

Step A

To a cooled (−30° C.) solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 81, Step A (540 mg) and NEt₃ (590 μL) in THF (35 mL) was added ethyl chloroformate (320 μL). The mixture was stirred at −30° C. for 1 h and then filtered. The precipitated salts were washed with THF (20 mL). The combined filtrates were cooled to −20° C. and a 33% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (10 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 20 min, then the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 min. The mixture was concentrated and dissolved in THF/CH₃CN (4:1, 25 mL). Pyridine (1.26 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. Trifluoroacetic anhydride (1.10 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. Then the mixture was concentrated to 5 mL, diluted with MeOH (18 mL) and 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (9 mL), stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated to 10 mL, acidified to pH 1 with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×75 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (433 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=152.

Preparative Example 83

Step A

To a suspension of LiAlH₄ (219 mg) in THF (12 mL) was added a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 82, Step A (433 mg) in THF (35 mL) over a period of 20 min. The mixture was heated to reflux for 36 h and then cooled to 0° C. 1N aqueous NaOH (1 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight while warming to room temperature. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® and the filter cake was washed with Et₂O (250 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated to afford the title compound (410 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=156.

Preparative Example 84

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 83, Step A (390 mg) in THF (80 mL) were successively added ^(i)Pr₂NEt (0.66 mL) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (740 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 d, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed subsequently with H₂O (15 mL), 0.1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (196 mg, 30%). [MNa]⁺=278.

Step B

To a cooled (−78° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (85 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was added a solution of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (73 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 15 min and then poured on saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (40 mL). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (28 mg, 32%). [MNa]⁺=280.

Preparative Example 85

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 42, Step A (50 mg) in DMF (1.6 mL) were added HATU (67 mg), ^(i)Pr₂NEt (68 μL) and N-hydroxyacetamidine (˜60%, 22 mg). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed tube to 130° C. for 30 min. Additional HATU (130 mg) and N-hydroxyacetamidine (50 mg) were added and the mixture was again heated to 130° C. (microwave) for 30 min. Additional HATU (130 mg) and N-hydroxyacetamidine (59 mg) were added and the mixture was heated to 140° C. (microwave) for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (18 mg, 32%). [MNa]⁺=322.

Preparative Example 86

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 49 (150 mg) in THF (6 mL) was added methyl N-(triethylammoniosulfonyl) carbamate [“Burgess reagent”] (316 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h, diluted with EtOAc (15 mL), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (77 mg, 55%). [MH]⁺=265.

Preparative Example 87

Step A

To a cooled (−40° C.) solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 42, Step A (60 mg) and NEt₃ (40 μL) in THF (5 mL) was added ethyl chloroformate (24 μL). The mixture was stirred at −40° C. for 1 h and then filtered. The precipitated salts were washed with THF (30 mL). The combined filtrates were cooled to 0° C. and a solution of NaBH₄ (24 mg) in H₂O (430 μL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, then the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (5 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (22 mg, 39%). [MH]⁺=292.

Preparative Example 88

Step A

To a ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 42, Step A (95 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) were successively added DMAP (61 mg), EDCI (96 mg) and methane sulfonamide (32 mg). The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL), washed with 1M aqueous citric acid (15 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (15 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (63 mg, 51%). [MNa]⁺=383.

Preparative Example 89

The title compound from the Preparative Example 42, Step A (95 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 88, Step A, except using 4-methoxy-phenyl sulfonamide (64 mg) to afford the title compound (58 mg, 38%). [MH]⁺=453.

Preparative Example 90

Step A

To a solution of commercially available (4-amino-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (229 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) were successively added ^(i)PrOH (100 μL) and trimethylsilyl isocyanate (154 μL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17½ h. Additional trimethylsilyl isocyanate (154 μL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 75 h. The resulting reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH (5 mL), concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (263 mg, 99%). [MH]⁺=266.

Preparative Example 91

Step A

To a solution of commercially available (4-amino-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (229 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) were successively added ^(i)Pr₂NEt (349 μL) and N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate (355 mg). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 72 h, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with 0.1M aqueous NaOH (3×10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (269 mg, 96%). [MH]⁺=280.

Preparative Example 92

Step A

To a solution of commercially available (4-amino-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (222 mg) in dry pyridine (1 mL) was added N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (103 μL). The resulting dark red reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17½ h and then diluted with H₂O (10 mL) and EtOAc (20 mL). The organic phase was separated and washed with 1M aqueous NH₄Cl (2×10 mL). The aqueous phases were combined and extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (284 mg, 97%). [MH]⁺=294.

Preparative Example 93

Step A

To a solution of commercially available (3-aminomethyl-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (236 mg) in DMF (3 mL) was added dimethyl-N-cyano-dithioiminocarbonate (146 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, a 7M solution of NH₃ in MeOH (5 mL) and HgCl₂ (300 mg) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 2 d. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CHCl₃/MeOH) afforded the title compound as a white solid (260 mg, 85%). [MH]⁺=304.

Preparative Example 94

Step A

To a solution of commercially available (3-amino-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (97 mg) in DMF (5 mL) were added N-cyano-methylthioiminocarbonate (50 mg) and HgCl₂ (120 mg). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CHCl₃/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a pale yellow solid (53 mg, 43%). [MH]⁺=290.

Preparative Example 95

Step A

A solution of commercially available 7-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (2.75 g), K₂CO₃ (3.60 g) and benzylchloroformate (2.7 mL) in THF/H₂O was stirred overnight and then concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (100 mL) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (7.60 g) and NiCl₂.6H₂O (400 mg) was added. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and NaBH₄ (2.60 g) was added in portions. The mixture was allowed to reach room temperature and then vigorously stirred overnight. After the addition of diethylenetriamine (2 mL) the mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless oil (1.81 g, 26%). [MH]⁺=397.

Preparative Example 96

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 95, Step A (1.4 g) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 200 mg) in MeOH (40 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (960 mg, >99%) [MH]⁺=263.

Preparative Example 97

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 96, Step A (100 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) were successively added ^(i)PrOH (500 μL) and trimethylsilyl isocyanate (100 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 70 h, diluted with MeOH (5 mL), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (80 mg, 69%). [MNa]⁺=328.

Preparative Example 98

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 96, Step A (100 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) were successively added ^(i)Pr₂NEt (132 μL) and N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate (131 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 72 h, diluted with EtOAc (5 mL), washed with 0.1M aqueous NaOH (3×10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (92 mg, 76%). [MNa]⁺=342.

Preparative Example 99

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 96, Step A (100 mg) in dry pyridine (2 mL) was added N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (38 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 70 h, diluted with MeOH (5 mL), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a white solid (40 mg, 32%). [MNa]⁺=356.

Preparative Example 100

Step A

To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 96, Step A (100 mg) and N-methylmorpholine (145 μL) in dry CH₂Cl₂/THF (5:1, 12 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (88 μL). The mixture was stirred for 2 h, diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (96.3 mg, 74%). [MNa]⁺=363.

Preparative Example 101

Step A

To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 96, Step A (84 mg) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (70 μL) in dry THF (10 μL) was added trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride (50 μL) at −20° C. under an argon atmosphere. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 4 h, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless crystals (47 mg, 37%). [MNa]⁺=417.

Preparative Example 102

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 26 (242 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (2:1, 30 mL) was added sodium perborate tetrahydrate (470 mg). The mixture was heated to 50° C. overnight, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as colorless crystals (220 mg, 85%). [MNa]⁺=279.

Preparative Example 103

Step A

Commercially available tert-butyl-N-[(5-bromo-2-thienyl)methyl]carbamate (2.0 g), Pd(OAc)₂ (76 mg), dppp (282 mg) and NEt₃ (2.9 mL) were dissolved in dry DMSO/MeOH (3:1, 60 mL) and stirred at 80° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 7 bar over the weekend. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl, H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as colorless crystals (1.73 g, 94%). [MNa]⁺=294.

Preparative Example 104

Step A

To an ice cooled solution of commercially available 5-ethyl-thiophene-3-carboxylic acid (3.0 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) were subsequently added oxalyl chloride (2.3 mL) and DMF (0.4 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then at room temperature for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and then slowly added to condensed NH₃ (˜30 mL) at ˜−40° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at ˜−30° C. for 1 h, slowly warmed to room temperature over a period of ˜10 h and then concentrated to give the title compound as a tan solid (2.0 g, 68%). [MH]⁺=156.

Step B

A vigorously stirred mixture of the title compound from Step A above (1.0 g) and Bu₄NBH₄ (4.9 g) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) was heated at 55-62° C. for 24 h and then concentrated. The remaining oil was cooled to 0° C. and 1N aqueous HCl (15 mL) was slowly added over a period of 1 h. Then the mixture was heated to 100° C. for 1 h, cooled to room temperature, washed with Et₂O (100 mL), adjusted to pH ˜10 with concentrated aqueous KOH and extracted with Et₂O (100 mL). The organic extract was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as an oil (0.25 g, 27%). [MH]⁺=142.

Preparative Example 105

Step A

To an ice cooled mixture of commercially available 5-bromo-1-indanone (29.84 g) in MeOH (300 mL) was added NaBH₄ (2.67 g). After 10 min the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1½ h and then concentrated. The resulting oil was brought up in EtOAc (300 mL), washed with 1N aqueous NaOH (200 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a white solid (30.11 g, >99%). [M-OH]⁺=195.

Step B

A solution of the title compound from Step A above (9.03 g) and 4-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (150 mg) in benzene (300 mL) was heated to reflux for 1 h using a Dean Starks trap. Once cooled the reaction solution was washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a clear oil (7.86 g, 95%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.60 (s, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (dtd, J=5.7, 2.1, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (dt, J=5.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (br s, 2H).

Preparative Example 106

Step A

To an ice cooled vigorously stirred mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 105, Step B (9.99 g), (S,S)-(+)-N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-salicylindene)-1,2-cyclohexane-diaminomanganese(III) chloride (390 mg) and 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide (526 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (6.2 mL) was added a solution of NaOH (425 mg) in 1.25M aqueous NaClO (53.2 mL) by an addition funnel over 2½ h. After the addition was complete, stirring at 0° C. was continued for another 3 h. Hexanes (30 mL) was added, the resulting biphasic mixture was filtered through Celite® and the filter cake was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (3×20 mL). The supernatant was placed in a separatory funnel, the aqueous layer was removed and the organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The resulting solid was dissolved in EtOH (100 mL) and a 28% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (200 mL) was added. The solution was stirred at 110° C. for 30 min, cooled to room temperature and washed with CH₂Cl₂ (4×200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a dark brown solid (7.50 g). [M-NH₂]⁺=211. This solid was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) and NEt₃ (5.5 mL) and di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate (7.87 g) were added subsequently. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at room temperature, then absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give an off-white solid (6.87 g, 41%). [MNa]⁺=350.

Step B

A solution of the title compound from Step A above (6.87 g), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (1.20 g) in MeOH (100 mL), DMSO (100 mL) and NEt₃ (14 mL) was stirred at 80° C. under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide (1 atm) for 18 h. Once the mixture was cooled to room temperature, it was placed in a separatory funnel and EtOAc (200 mL) and 1N aqueous HCl (200 mL) were added. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc (200 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with 1N aqueous HCl (200 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (200 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and absorbed on silica. Purification by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) afforded an off-white solid (1.45 g, 23%). [MNa]⁺=330.

Preparative Example 107

Step A

To an ice cooled vigorously stirred mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 105, Step B (3.92 g), (R,R)-(−)-N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-salicylindene)-1,2-cyclohexane-diaminomanganese(III) chloride (76.2 mg) and 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide (103 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2.4 mL) was added a solution of NaOH (122 mg) in 1.25M aqueous NaClO (15.3 mL) by an addition funnel over 2½ h. After the addition was complete, stirring at 0° C. was continued for another 3 h. Hexanes (20 mL) was added, the resulting biphasic mixture was filtered through Celite® and the filter cake was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (3×20 mL). The supernatant was placed in a separatory funnel, the aqueous layer was removed and the organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining brown solid was suspended in CH₃CN (10 mL) at 40° C., trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (1.2 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 1½ h. H₂O (20 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 5 h, while distilling off the CH₃CN. Once the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, the aqueous layer was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 mL). The organic layers were discarded and the aqueous layer was basified with 3N aqueous NaOH and washed with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The EtOAc phases were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. [M-NH₂]⁺=211. The remaining solid residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) and NEt₃ (515 μL) and di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate (707 g) were added subsequently. The resulting solution was stirred for 6 h at room temperature, then absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give an off-white solid (774 mg, 12%). [MNa]⁺=350.

Step B

A solution of the title compound from Step A above (774 mg), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (136 mg) in MeOH (10 mL), DMSO (10 mL) and NEt₃ (1.6 mL) was stirred at 80° C. under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide (1 atm) for 18 h. Once the mixture was cooled to room temperature, it was placed in a separatory funnel and EtOAc (30 mL) and 1N aqueous HCl (30 mL) were added. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc (30 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with 1N aqueous HCl (30 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (30 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and absorbed on silica. Purification by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) afforded an off-white solid (333 mg, 46%). [MNa]⁺=330.

Preparative Example 108

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 107, Step A above (406 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 107, Step B, except using EtOH (10 mL) as the solvent to afford the title compound (353 mg, 89%). [MNa]⁺=344.

Preparative Example 109

Step A

To a solution of commercially available trans-4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (262 mg) in dry THF (5 mL) was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (243 mg). The resulting clear colorless solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then hydrazine monohydrate (219 μL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 17 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH). The isolated white solid was dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with 0.01 M aqueous HCl (2×50 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL). The combined HCl layers were saturated with NaCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined EtOAc layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (264 mg, 97%). [MNa]⁺=294.

Preparative Example 110

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 109, Step A (136 mg) in dry MeOH (12.5 mL) were successively added trifluoroacetic anhydride (104 μL) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (130 μL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 23 h, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (66 mg, 43%). [MNa]⁺=390.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (66 mg) in dry THF (3.6 mL) was added methyl N-(triethylammoniosulfonyl) carbamate [“Burgess reagent”] (88 mg). The resulting reaction mixture was heated in a sealed tube to 150° C. (microwave) for 15 min, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (52 mg, 83%). [MNa]⁺=372.

Preparative Example 111

Step A

To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 109, Step A (54.3 mg) in trimethyl orthoformate (2 mL) was added dry MeOH (200 μL). The resulting clear solution was heated in a sealed tube to 150° C. (microwave) for 24 h, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (45.6 mg, 81%). [MNa]⁺=304.

Preparative Example 112

Step A

To a solution of commercially available trans-4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (262 mg) and N-hydroxyacetamidine (19 mg) in DMF/CH₂Cl₂ (9:1, 2 mL) were added N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (33 mg) and HOBt (36 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed subsequently with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, 0.5N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (255 mg, 80%). [MH]⁺=314.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (55 mg) in EtOH (3 mL) was added a solution of NaOAc (12 mg) in H₂O (270 μL). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed vial at 120° C. for 50 min. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as a colorless oil (24 mg, 46%). [MH]⁺=296.

Preparative Example 113

Step A

To a solution of commercially available trans-4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (520 mg) and acetic acid hydrazide (178 mg) in DMF (10 mL) were added N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (303 mg) and HOBt (326 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (400 mg, 64%). [MH]⁺=314.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (216 mg) in dry THF (10 mL) was added methyl N-(triethylammoniosulfonyl) carbamate [“Burgess reagent”] (300 mg). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed vial at 150° C. for 15 min. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded the title compound as a colorless oil (143 mg, 70%). [MH]⁺=296.

Preparative Example 114

Step A

To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 44, Step A (552 mg) in dry THF (11 mL) was added methyl N-(triethylammoniosulfonyl) carbamate [“Burgess reagent”] (375 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (160 mg, 31%). [MH]⁺=239.

Step B

To a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in dry MeOH (1 mL) were successively added a 30 wt % solution of NaOMe in MeOH (250 μL) and a solution of the title compound from Step A above (160 mg) in dry MeOH (3 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h and then concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was used without further purification (170 mg, 93%). [MH]⁺=272.

Step C

To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (170 mg) in toluene (5 mL) were successively added ^(i)Pr₂NEt (132 μL) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (280 μL). The mixture was heated to reflux for 2½ h, concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (46 mg, 20%). [MH]⁺=350.

Preparative Example 115

Step A

To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 44, Step A (266 mg) in THF (5 mL) was added 2,4-bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dithia-2,4-diphosphetane 2,4-disulfide [“Lawesson reagent”] (311 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a pale yellow solid (190 mg, 67%). [MH]⁺=273.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (190 mg) in DMF (5 mL) were added a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (6 μL) and 2-bromo-1,1-diethoxy-ethane (323 μL). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed vial at 100° C. for 25 min. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (50 mg, 24%). [MH]⁺=297.

Preparative Example 116

Step A

To a solution of commercially available N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl) alanine (227 mg) in DMF (3 mL) were successively added ethyl 2-oximinooxamate (158 mg) and HATU (684 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (163 mg, 45%). [MH]⁺=304.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (163 mg) in EtOH (15 mL) was added a solution of NaOAc (78 mg) in H₂O (1 mL). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed vial at 120° C. for 50 min. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as a colorless oil (46 mg, 30%). [MH]⁺=286.

Preparative Example 117

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxy-benzonitrile (263 mg) and Bu₄NBH₄ in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was heated to reflux for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with 1M aqueous NaOH, extracted with CH₂Cl₂, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=226.

Preparative Example 118

Step A

Commercially available 4-chloro-3-trifluoromethoxy-benzonitrile (227 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 117, Step A to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=226.

Preparative Example 119

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 3-cyanobenzaldehyde (263 mg), KCN (130 mg) and (NH₄)₂CO₃ (769 mg) in EtOH/H₂O (1:1, 12 mL) was heated to 55° C. overnight, cooled, filtered and concentrated. The remaining aqueous mixture was extracted with Et₂O (3×10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give the title compound as a colorless solid (347 mg, 86%). [MH]⁺=202.

Preparative Examples 120-121

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 119, except using the nitrites indicated in Table I-5 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-5 Prep. Ex. # protected amine product yield 120

90% [MH]⁺ = 202 121

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 216

Preparative Example 122

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 3-cyanobenzaldehyde (262 mg), hydantoin (220 mg) and KOAc (380 mg) in AcOH (2 mL) was heated to reflux for 3 h and then poured on ice (20 g). The colorless precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with ice water and dried to give the title compound as a yellow solid. [MH]⁺=216.

Preparative Example 123

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 119, Step A above (347 mg), 50% aqueous AcOH (2 mL) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 200 mg) in EtOH was hydrogenated at 50 psi overnight, filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as colorless solid (458 mg, >99%). [M-OAc]⁺=206.

Preparative Examples 124-126

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 123, except using the nitrites indicated in Table I-6 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-6 Prep. Ex. # protected amine product yield 124

50% (over 2 steps) [M-OAc]⁺ 220 125

n.d. [M-OAc]⁺ = 220 126

76% [M-OAc]⁺ = 206

Preparative Example 127

Step A

To the solution of commercially available 2-N-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)acetaldehyde (250 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (1:1, 10 mL) were added KCN (130 mg) and (NH₄)₂CO₃ (650 mg). The mixture was stirred at 55° C. overnight, then cooled to room temperature, acidified (pH 2) with 3N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to give a white solid (75 mg, 21%). [MH]⁺=230.

Preparative Example 128

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 7, Step B (100 mg), N-methyl-N-methoxyamine hydrochloride (42.2 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and DMF (1 mL) were added EDCI (84.3 mg), HOBt (58 mg) and NaHCO₃ (121 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, washed with saturated aqueous Na₂CO₃ (5 mL) and 1N aqueous HCl (5 mL) and concentrated to give the desired product, which was used without further purification (97 mg, 84%). [MH]⁺=321.

Step B

To the title compound from Step A above (256 mg) in anhydrous Et₂O (10 mL) was added a 1M solution of LiAlH₄ in Et₂O (4 mL). The mixture was stirred for 20 min and then cooled to 0° C. 1M aqueous NaOH (5 mL) was added dropwise, followed by the addition of Et₂O (10 mL). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O (2×5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL), dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give a white solid (178 mg, 85%). [MH]⁺=262.

Step C

To the title compound from Step B above (178 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (1:1, 10 mL) were added KCN (67 mg) and (NH₄)₂CO₃ (262 mg). The mixture was stirred at 55° C. overnight, then cooled to room temperature, acidified (pH 2) with 3N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to give a white solid (170 mg, 73%). [MH]⁺=346.

Preparative Example 129

Step A

To the solution of commercially available 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (515 mg), N-methyl-N-methoxyamine hydrochloride (390 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) were added PyBOP (1.04 g) and NEt₃ (0.84 mL). The mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature, washed with saturated aqueous Na₂CO₃ (5 mL) and 1N aqueous HCl (5 mL), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give a white solid (544 mg, 91%). [MH]⁺=323.

Step B

To the title compound from Step A above (544 mg) in anhydrous Et₂O (10 mL) was added a 1M solution of LiAlH₄ in Et₂O (1.8 mL). The mixture was stirred for 20 min and then cooled to 0° C. 1M aqueous NaOH (5 mL) was added dropwise, followed by the addition of Et₂O (10 mL). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O (2×5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL), dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give a white solid (440 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=242.

Step C

To the title compound from Step B above (440 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (1:1, 12 mL) was added were added KCN (178 mg) and (NH₄)₂CO₃ (670 mg). The mixture was stirred at 55° C. overnight, then cooled to room temperature, acidified (pH 2) with 3N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to give a white solid (454 mg, 81%). [MH]⁺=312.

Preparative Example 130

Step A

To a solution of commercially available 4-N-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclohexanone (0.26 g) in EtOH/H₂O (1:1, 20 mL) were added NaCN (0.10 g) and (NH₄)₂CO₃ (0.56 g). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux overnight, partially concentrated, diluted with H₂O and filtered to give a white solid (0.19 g, 56%). [MNa]⁺=320.

Preparative Example 131

Step A

To a solution of 3,4-diethoxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (1.3 mL) in EtOH (40 mL) was added commercially available (3-aminomethyl-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1.39 g). The mixture was stirred for 2 h, a 28% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (40 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 h. Then the mixture was concentrated and slurried in MeOH (20 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to give the title compound (1.6 g, 82%). [MNa]⁺=354.

Preparative Example 132

Step A

To a solution of commercially available (3-amino-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1.11 g) in EtOH (20 mL) was added 3,4-diethoxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (1.30 g). The mixture was heated to reflux for 21/2 h, cooled to room temperature filtered and concentrated. The remaining solid residue was crystallized from refluxing EtOH to afford the title compound (687 mg, 40%). [MNa]⁺=369.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (346 mg) was dissolved in a ˜7N solution of NH₃ in MeOH (14.3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then concentrated to afford the title compound (316 mg, >99%). [MNa]⁺=340.

Preparative Example 133

Step A

To a suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 110, Step B (52 mg) in EtOAc (600 μL) was added a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (600 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1½ h and concentrated to afford the title compound (43 mg, 99%). [M-Cl]⁺=250.

Preparative Examples 134-207

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 133, except using the protected amines indicated in Table I-7 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-7 Prep. Ex. # protected amine product yield 134

>99% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 156 135

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 159 136

99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 218 137

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 232 138

>99% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 215 139

>99% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 201 140

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 198 141

99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 207 142

64% [M-Cl]⁺ = 177 143

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 178 144

>99% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 195/197 145

67% (over 2 steps) [M-Cl]⁺ = 187 146

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 192 147

n.d. [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 210/212 148

81% [M-Cl]⁺ = 222 149

77% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 253 150

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 143 151

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 238 152

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 191 153

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 205 154

>99% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 188 155

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 163 156

>99% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 159 157

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 241 158

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 295 159

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 242 160

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 191 161

>99% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 162 162

>99% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 176 163

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 193 164

96% [M-Cl]⁺ = 139 165

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 157 166

>99% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 155 167

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 192 168

95% [M-Cl]⁺ = 196 169

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 182 170

99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 157 171

99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 171 172

98% [M-Cl]⁺ = 185 173

93% [M-Cl]⁺ = 130 174

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 246 175

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 212 176

>99% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 191 177

>99% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 191 178

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 198 179

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 197 180

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 211 181

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 253 182

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 223 183

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 183 184

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 165 185

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 170 186

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 261 187

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 353 188

>99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 184 189

n.d. [M-Cl]⁺ = 196 190

n.d. [M-Cl]⁺ = 250 191

n.d. [M-Cl]⁺ = 197 192

n.d. [M-Cl]⁺ = 139 193

n.d. [M-Cl]⁺ = 286 194

n.d. [M-Cl]⁺ = 286 195

>99% [M-HCl₂]⁺ = 204 196

94% [M-HCl₂]⁺ = 190 197

99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 206 198

99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 220 199

99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 134 200

99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 205 201

92% [M-HCl₂]⁺ = 177 202

>99% [M-HCl₂]⁺ = 177 203

99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 166 204

99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 180 205

99% [M-Cl]⁺ = 194 206

98% [M-Cl]⁺ = 232 207

>99% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 218

Preparative Example 208

Step A

To a ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 73 (89 mg) in CHCl₃ (3 mL) was added a solution of trifluoroacetic acid (1.5 mL) in CHCl₃ (1.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 5 min, then the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1½ h. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in CH₃CN (5 mL), again concentrated and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (93 mg, >99%). [M-TFA]⁺=218/220.

Preparative Examples 209-210

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 208, except using the protected amines indicated in Table I-8 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-8 Prep. Ex. # protected amine product yield 209

>99% [M-TFA]⁺ = 158 210

93% [M-(NH₂•TFA)]⁺ = 160

Preparative Example 211

Step A

Commercially available 3-aminomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (500 mg) was dissolved in a 33% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (50 mL) and heated in a sealed pressure tube to 90° C. for 20 h. Cooling to room temperature and concentration afforded the title compound (469 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=151.

Preparative Example 212

Step A

Commercially available 3-aminomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (100 mg) was dissolved in a 40% solution of MeNH₂ in H₂O (20 mL) and heated in a sealed pressure tube to 90° C. for 20 h. Cooling to room temperature and concentration afforded the title compound (107 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=165.

Preparative Example 213

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 2-hydroxy-5-methylaniline (5.2 g) and N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (6.85 g) in dry THF (60 mL) was heated to reflux for 6 h, cooled to room temperature, poured on ice and adjusted to pH 4 with 6N aqueous HCl. The formed precipitate was isolated by filtration, dried and recrystallized from toluene to afford the title compound as a grey solid (4.09 g, 65%).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (1.5 g), K₂CO₃ (1.7 g) and methyl iodide (6 mL) were dissolved in dry DMF (15 mL). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h, concentrated and acidified to pH 4 with 1N HCl. The precipitate was isolated by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (1.48 g, 90%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.05 (s, 1H), 6.90 (d, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H).

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (1.1 g), N-bromosuccinimide (1.45 g) and α,α′-azoisobutyronitrile (150 mg) were suspended in CCl₄ (50 mL), degassed with argon and heated to reflux for 1 h. The mixture was cooled, filtered, concentrated and dissolved in dry DMF (20 mL). Then NaN₃ (1 g) was added and the mixture was vigorously stirred for 3 h, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless needles (963 mg, 70%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.07 (s, 1H), 6.98 (d, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 3.36 (s, 3H).

Step D

A mixture of the title compound from Step C above (963 mg) and PPh₃ (1.36 g) in THF (30 mL) were stirred for 14 h, then H₂O was added and stirring was continued for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated and coevaporated twice with toluene. The remaining residue was diluted with dry dioxane and a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (1.5 mL) was added. The formed precipitate was isolated by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (529 mg, 52%). [M-Cl]⁺=179.

Preparative Example 214

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 95, Step A (1.81 g) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 200 mg) in EtOH (50 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered and concentrated to a volume of ˜20 mL. 3,4-Diethoxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (0.68 mL) and NEt₃ (0.5 mL) were added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded a slowly crystallizing colorless oil. This oil was dissolved in EtOH (20 mL) and a 28% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (100 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 3 h, concentrated, slurried in H₂O, filtered and dried under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was dissolved in a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL), stirred for 14 h, concentrated, suspended in Et₂O, filtered and dried to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (1.08 g, 92%). [M-Cl]⁺=258.

Preparative Examples 215-216

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 214, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-9 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-9 Ex. # intermediate 215

216

Ex. # product yield 215

n.d. [M-Cl]⁺ = 250 216

67% [M-NH₃Cl]⁺ = 236

Preparative Example 217

Step A

Commercially available 5-acetyl-thiophene-2-carbonitrile (2.5 g) was stirred with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.6 g) and NaOAc (0.6 g) in dry MeOH (30 mL) for 1½ h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl dried (MgSO₄), filtered and absorbed on silica. Purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as a colorless solid (844 mg, 31%). [MH]⁺=167.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (844 mg) in AcOH (30 mL) was added zinc dust (1.7 g). The mixture was stirred for 5 h, filtered, concentrated, diluted with CHCl₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄) and filtered. Treatment with a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) and concentration afforded the title compound as an off-white solid (617 mg, 64%). [M-NH₃Cl]⁺=136.

Preparative Example 218

Step A

A suspension of commercially available 2,5-dibromobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.0 g), Na₂SO₃ (0.46 g) and NaOH (0.27 g) in H₂O (10 mL) was heated to 70° C. for 5 h. To the cooled solution was added methyl iodide (4 mL) and MeOH. The biphasic system was stirred vigorously at 50° C. overnight, concentrated and suspended in H₂O. Filtration afforded the title compound as colorless needles (933 mg, 99%). [MH]⁺=313/315/317.

Step B

Under an argon atmosphere in a sealed tube was heated a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (8.36 g) and CuCN (7.7 g) in degassed N-methylpyrrolidone (30 mL) to 160° C. overnight. Concentration, absorption on silica and purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as beige crystals (1.08 g, 20%).

Step C

A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (980 mg) and 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (0.72 mL) in degassed DMSO was heated to 50° C. for 45 min under an argon atmosphere. The solution was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a bright yellow solid (694 mg, 71%). ¹H-NMR (CD₃CN) δ=8.00-8.10 (m, 2H), 7.72 (d, 1H), 5.75 (br s, 2H), 5.70 (s, 1H).

Step D

A mixture of the title compound from Step C above (892 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 140 mg) in DMF (10 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 2 h and then filtered. Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (440 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. Purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded a colorless solid, which was stirred in a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) overnight and then concentrated to give the title compound as colorless crystals (69 mg, 8%). [M-Cl]⁺=209.

Preparative Example 219

Step A

A solution of commercially available 4-bromobenzoic acid (24 g) in chlorosulfonic acid (50 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then heated to 150° C. for 3 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured on ice (600 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with H₂O. To the obtained solid material were added H₂O (300 mL), Na₂SO₃ (20 g) and NaOH (17 g) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 5 h. Then the mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with MeOH (250 mL). Iodomethane (100 mL) was slowly added and the mixture was heated to reflux overnight. Concentration, acidification, cooling and filtration afforded the title compound as a white powder (28.0 g, 84%). [MH]⁺=279/281.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (5.0 g) in dry MeOH (120 mL) was slowly added SOCl₂ (4 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h, concentrated and diluted with NMP (20 mL). CuCN (1.78 g) was added and the resulting mixture was heated in a sealed tube under an argon atmosphere to 160° C. overnight. The mixture was concentrated, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless needles (976 mg, 23%). [MH]⁺=240.

Step C

To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (1.89 g) in MeOH (40 mL) and was added NaOMe (1.3 g). The mixture was heated to reflux for 90 min, cooled to room temperature, diluted with concentrated HCl (2 mL) and H₂O (10 mL) and heated again to reflux for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless crystals (682 mg, 36%). [MH]⁺=241.

Step D

A solution the title compound from Step C above (286 mg), NaOAc (490 mg) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (490 mg) in dry MeOH (20 mL) was heated to reflux for 21/2 h. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and concentrated to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (302 mg, 99%). ¹H-NMR (DMSO): δ=12.62 (s, 1H), 8.25-8.28 (m, 2H), 8.04 (d, 1H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H).

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (170 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (50 mL) and heated to 60° C. Then zinc dust (500 mg) and 6N aqueous HCl (5 mL) were added in portions over a period of 30 min. The mixture was cooled, filtered, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with a saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow oil (128 mg, 80%). [MH]⁺=242.

Preparative Example 220

Step A

To a solution of commercially available 2-[(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)thio]acetic acid (2.1 g) in DMF (3 drops) was added dropwise oxalyl chloride (5 mL). After 1.5 h the mixture was concentrated, redissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (20 mL) and cooled to −10° C. AlCl₃ (1.6 g) was added and the cooling bath was removed. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, poured on ice and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ to afford the crude title compound as a brown solid (2.01 g). [MH]⁺=199.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.01 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was added mCPBA (70-75%, 1.14 g) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as a colorless solid (668 mg). [MH]⁺=231.

Step C

A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (430 mg), NaOAc (800 mg) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (800 mg) in dry MeOH (20 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and concentrated to afford the title compound as colorless crystals (426 mg, 93%). [MH]⁺=246.

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (426 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (50 mL) and heated to 60° C. Then zinc dust (1.3 g) and 6N aqueous HCl (20 mL) were added in portions over a period of 30 min. The mixture was cooled, filtered, concentrated, diluted with CHCl₃, washed subsequently with a saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (313 mg, 78%). [MH]⁺=232.

Preparative Example 221

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-carbonitrile (0.5 g), AcOH (1 mL) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 200 mg) in THF (20 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound as a brown solid. [M-OAc]⁺=141.

Preparative Example 222

Step A

Commercially available 5-fluoroindanone (1.0 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 220, Step C to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (1.3 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=166.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (1.35 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 217, Step B to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (36.5 mg). [M-NH₃Cl]⁺=135.

Preparative Example 223

Step A

To an ice cooled solution of commercially available cis-4-hydroxymethyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester (330 mg) in CH₂Cl₂/pyridine (3:1, 4 mL) was added 4-toluenesulfonic acid chloride (0.49 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, cooled to 0° C., quenched with 2N aqueous HCl (35 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (643 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=327.

Step B

A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (643 mg) and NaN₃ (636 mg) in DMA (5 mL) was stirred at 70° C. overnight. The mixture was concentrated and diluted with EtOAc (25 mL), H₂O (5 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (299 mg, 77%). [MNa]⁺=220.

Step C

A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (299 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 50 mg) in MeOH (10 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 4 h, filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was taken up in MeOH (7 mL), treated with 1N HCl in Et₂O (6 mL) and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (248 mg, 95%). [MH]⁺=172.

Preparative Example 224

Step A

Commercially available cis-3-hydroxymethyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester (330 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 223, Step A to afford the title compound (606 mg, 97%). [MH]⁺=327.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (606 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 223, Step B to afford the title compound (318 mg, 87%). [MNa]⁺=220.

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (318 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 223, Step C to afford the crude title compound (345 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=172.

Preparative Example 225

Step A

To a suspension of commercially available (3-cyano-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (50 mg) in CHCl₃ (2 mL) were successively added triethylsilane (0.5 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated to afford the crude title compound. [M-TFA]⁺=134.

Preparative Example 226

Step A

To a stirred solution of KOH (1.2 g) in EtOH (10 mL) was added commercially available bis(tert-butyldicarbonyl) amine (4.5 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then diluted with Et₂O. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with Et₂O (3×10 mL) to afford the title compound (3.4 g, 64%).

Preparative Example 227

Step A

To a stirred solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 226, Step A (160 mg) in DMF (2 mL) was added a solution of commercially available 5-bromomethyl-benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole (115 mg) in DMF (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (180 mg, 71%). [MH]⁺=366.

Step B

A solution of the title compound from Step A above (180 mg) in trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h at room temperature and then concentrated to afford the title compound (140 mg, >99%). [M-TFA]⁺=166.

Preparative Example 228

Step A

Commercially available 5-bromomethyl-benzo[1,2,5]oxadiazole was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 227 to afford the title compound. [M-TFA]⁺=150.

Preparative Example 229

Step A

Commercially available (S)-(−)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylamine (2.0 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 3, Step D to afford the title compound as a white solid (2.5 g, 92%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.43 (d, 2H), 7.17 (d, 2H), 4.72 (br s, 2H), 1.35 (br s, 12H).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (4.0 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 3, Step E to afford the title compound (2.0 g, 60%). [MH]⁺=247.

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (2.0 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 2, Step A to afford the title compound (1.8 g, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=166.

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (1.0 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 2, Step B to afford the title compound (310 mg, 35%). [MH]⁺=180.

Preparative Example 230

Step A

If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 229, except using commercially available (R)-(+)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylamine instead of (S)-(−)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylamine, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 231

Step A

To a solution of commercially available 4-bromo-2-methyl-benzoic acid (1.5 g) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added tert-butyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate (3.0 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h, cooled to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂) to give the desired title compound (1.0 g, 52%). [MH]⁺=271.

Step B

A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (1.0 g), Zn(CN)₂ (1.0 g) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (1.0 g) in anhydrous DMF (15 mL) was heated at 110° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 18 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexane/CH₂Cl₂) to give the desired title compound (0.6 g, 75%). [MH]⁺=218.

Step C

To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (0.55 g), in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) was added Bu₄NBH₄ (1.30 g). The mixture was heated to reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere for 12 h and then cooled to room temperature. 1N aqueous NaOH (5 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 20 min before it was concentrated. The remaining residue was then taken up in Et₂O (150 mL), washed with 1N aqueous NaOH (25 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound (0.50 g, 89%). [MH]⁺=222.

Preparative Example 232

Step A

A solution of commercially available (R)-amino-thiophen-3-yl-acetic acid (0.50 g), 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyloxyimino)-2-phenylacetonitrile (0.86 g) and NEt₃ (0.65 mL) in 1,4-dioxane/H₂O (3:2, 7 mL) was stirred for 24 h, concentrated to ⅓ volume and diluted with H₂O (100 mL). The resulting aqueous mixture was extracted with Et₂O (100 mL), acidified with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with Et₂O (2×80 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the desired title compound (0.7 g, 86%). [MH]⁺=258.

Step B

To a stirred mixture of the title compound from Step A above (0.43 g) and (NH₄)₂CO₃ (0.48 g) in 1,4-dioxane/DMF (6:1, 3.5 mL) were added pyridine (0.4 mL) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.50 g). The mixture was stirred for 48 h, diluted with EtOAc (40 mL), washed with 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the desired title compound, which was not further purified (0.35 g, 86%). [MH]⁺=257.

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (0.35 g) was taken up in a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL). The mixture was stirred overnight and concentrated to give the title compound (0.15 g, n.d.). [MH]⁺=157.

Preparative Examples 233-235

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 232, except using the amino acids indicated in Table I-10 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-10 Prep. Ex. # amino acid product yield 233

n.d. [M-Cl]⁺ = 194 234

n.d. [M-Cl]⁺ = 157 235

n.d. [M-Cl]⁺ = 113

Preparative Example 236

Step A

Commercially available (R)-2-amino-4,4-dimethyl-pentanoic acid (250 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 232, Step A to afford the title compound (370 mg, 87%). [MNa]⁺=268.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (370 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 232, Step B to afford the title compound. [MNa]⁺=267.

Step C

The title compound from Step B above was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 208, Step A to afford the title compound (30 mg, 14% over 2 steps).

[M-TFA]⁺=145.

Preparative Example 237

Step A

If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 232, Step A and Step B, except using commercially available (R)-amino-(4-bromo-phenyl)-acetic acid instead of (R)-amino-thiophen-3-yl-acetic acid in Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 238

Step A

If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 229, Step B to Step D, except using the title compound from the Preparative Example 237, Step A instead of (R)-amino-thiophen-3-yl-acetic acid, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 239

Step A

To a solution of commercially available 1H-pyrazol-5-amine (86.4 g) in MeOH (1.80 L) was added commercially available methyl acetopyruvate (50.0 g). The mixture was heated to reflux for 5 h and then cooled to room temperature overnight. The precipitated yellow needles were collected by filtration and the supernatant was concentrated at 40° C. under reduced pressure to ˜⅔ volume until more precipitate began to form. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the precipitate was collected by filtration. This concentration/precipitation/filtration procedure was repeated to give 3 batches. This material was combined and recrystallized from MeOH to give the major isomer of the title compound (81.7 g, 72%). [MH]⁺=192.

The remaining supernatants were combined, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the minor isomer of title compound (6.8 g, 6%). [MH]⁺=192.

Preparative Example 240

Step A

To a solution of the major isomer of the title compound from the Preparative Example 239, Step A (2.0 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) were added acetyl chloride (3.0 mL) and SnCl₄ (10.9 g). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux overnight, cooled and quenched with H₂O (10 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The combined organic phases were concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (1.2 g, 49%). [MH]⁺=234.

Step B

Trifluoroacetic anhydride (4.6 mL) was added dropwise to an ice cooled suspension of urea hydrogen peroxide (5.8 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 min, then a solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.8 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. NaHSO₃ (1.0 g) was added and the resulting mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (40 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic phases were concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (500 mg, 26%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=8.40 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, 1H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 2.84 (d, 3H), 2.42 (s, 3H).

Preparative Example 241

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 5-amino-3-methylpyrazole (1.44 g) and methyl acetopyruvate (0.97 g) in MeOH (20 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h and then cooled to 0° C. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to give the desired ester (1.78 g, 87%). [MH]⁺=206.

Preparative Example 242

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 5-aminopyrazolone (5 g) and POCl₃ (50 mL) was heated to 210° C. for 5 h, concentrated and quenched with MeOH (10 mL) at 0° C. Purification by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) afforded the desired product (293 mg, 5%). [MH]⁺=118.

Step B

A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (117 mg) and methyl acetopyruvate (144 mg) in MeOH (5 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h and then cooled to 0° C. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to give the desired ester (200 mg, 89%). [MH]⁺=226.

Preparative Example 243

Step A

Under a nitrogen atmosphere at 0° C. was slowly added 1,4-dioxane (350 mL) to NaH (60% in mineral oil, 9.6 g) followed by the slow addition of CH₃CN (12.6 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature before ethyl trifluoroacetate (23.8 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, heated at 100° C. for 5 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The remaining solid was taken up in H₂O (400 mL), washed with Et₂O (300 mL), adjusted to pH ˜2 with concentrated HCl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL). The CH₂Cl₂ extract was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a brown liquid, which was not further purified (12.5 g, 74%). [M-H]⁻=136.

Step B

A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (12.5 g) and hydrazine monohydrate (6.0 g) in absolute EtOH (300 mL) was heated to reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere for 8 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The remaining oil was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the title compound (0.25 g, 2%). [MH]⁺=152.

Step C

Using a microwave, a mixture of the title compound from Step B above (150 mg) and commercially available methyl acetopyruvate (150 mg) in MeOH (1 mL) in a sealed vial was heated at 120° C. for 12 min, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂) to give the title compound (0.15 g, 58%). [MH]⁺=260.

Preparative Example 244

Step A

To a suspension of selenium dioxide (9 g) in 1,4-dioxane (35 mL) was added commercially available 5,7-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (3 g). The mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h, cooled to room temperature, filtered through a plug of Celite® and concentrated. The remaining solid residue was taken up in MeOH (50 mL), oxone (7 g) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h, cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL), filtered through a plug of Celite® and concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in a saturated solution of HCl in MeOH (150 mL), heated to reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere for 24 h, filtered through a medium porosity fritted glass funnel, concentrated and partially purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂₁MeOH) to give the title compound, which was not further purified (0.2 g, 4%). [MH]⁺=238.

Preparative Example 245

Step A

A solution of methyl pyruvate (13.6 mL) in ^(t)BuOMe (100 mL) was added dropwise to a cooled (−10° C.) solution of pyrrolidine (12.6 mL) in ^(t)BuOMe (100 mL) over a period of 30 min. The mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 15 min, then trimethylborate (8.0 mL) was added dropwise over a period of 2 min and stirring at −10° C. was continued for 2 h. NEt₃ (55 mL) was added, followed by the dropwise addition of a solution of methyl oxalylchloride (24.6 mL) in ^(t)BuOMe (100 mL) over a period of 30 min. The resulting thick slurry was stirred for 30 min and then diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (250 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 mL). The combined organic phases were concentrated to give an oil, which was triturated with ^(t)BuOMe to afford the title compound as a yellowish solid (15.75 g, 45%). [MH]⁺=242.

Step B

To mixture of the title compound from Step A above (6 g) and commercially available 2-aminopyrazole (2.1 g) in MeOH (10 mL) was added 3N aqueous HCl (3 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux overnight and cooled. The precipitated title compound was collected by filtration. The supernatant was concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexane/EtOAc) to afford additional solid material, which was combined with the collected precipitate to give title compound (3.7 g, 60%). [MH]⁺=250.

Preparative Example 246

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 5-amino-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carboxylic acid (20.3 g) and methyl acetopyruvate (20.0 g) in glacial AcOH (250 mL) was heated to 95° C. for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated and diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (200 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (500 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a pale orange mixture of regioisomers (80:20, 21.3 g, 80%). Recrystallization of the crude material from hot THF (110 mL) afforded the major isomer of the title compound (13.0 g, 49%). [MH]⁺=193.

The supernatant was concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the minor isomer of title compound. [MH]⁺=193.

Preparative Examples 247-248

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 246, except using the amines indicated in Table I-11 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-11 Prep. Ex. # amine product yield 247

96% [MH]⁺ = 208 248

92% [MH]⁺ = 236

Preparative Example 249

Step A

To a solution of the minor isomer of the title compound from the Preparative Example 239, Step A (500 mg) in CH₃CN (10 mL) were added AcOH (2 mL) and 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) [Selectfluor®] (551 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 7 h, cooled to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (149 mg, 27%). [MH]⁺=210.

Preparative Example 250

Step A

To a suspension of the major isomer of the title compound from the Preparative Example 239, Step A (10.0 g) in H₂O (1.0 L) was added 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) [Selectfluor®] (18.6 g). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 18 h, cooled to room temperature and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×350 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (4.25 g, 39%). [MH]⁺=210.

Preparative Example 251

Step A

To a stirred solution of Bu₄N(NO₃) (1.39 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (579 μL). The resulting mixture was cooled to 0° C. and added to an ice cooled solution of the major isomer of the title compound from the Preparative Example 239, Step A (796 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). The mixture was allowed to reach room temperature overnight, diluted with CHCl₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (200 mg, 20%). [MH]⁺=237.

Preparative Example 252

Step A

To a suspension of the minor isomer of the title compound from the Preparative Example 239, Step A (500 mg) in CHCl₃ (10 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (465 mg). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 1 h, cooled to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (599 mg, 85%). [MH]⁺=270/272.

Preparative Example 253

Step A

A mixture of the minor isomer of title compound from the Preparative Example 239, Step A (100 mg) and N-chlorosuccinimide (77 mg) in CCl₄ (5 mL) was heated to reflux for 24 h, cooled, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (98 mg, 83%). [MH]⁺=226.

Preparative Example 254

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 2H-pyrazol-3-ylamine (2.0 g) and 2-fluoro-3-oxo-butyric acid methyl ester (4.4 g) in MeOH (15 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 16 h and then cooled to room temperature. The formed precipitate was isolated by filtration and dried to afford the title compound (4.2 g, 84%). [MH]⁺=168.

Step B

To a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (1.67 g) in CH₃CN (150 mL) were added K₂CO₃ (4.15 g) and POBr₃ (8.58 g). The mixture was heated to reflux for 16 h, concentrated, diluted with CHCl₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (690 mg, 30%). [MH]⁺=230/232.

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (28 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 103, Step A to afford the title compound (295 mg, 70%). [MH]⁺=210.

Preparative Example 255

Step A

A mixture of the major isomer of title compound from the Preparative Example 246, Step A (1.34 g) and selenium dioxide (1.78 g) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was heated to 120° C. under closed atmosphere for 12 h, cooled and filtered through Celite®. To the filtrate were added oxone (1.70 g) and H₂O (400 μL) and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded the title compound (1 g, 64%). [MH]⁺=223.

Preparative Examples 256-270

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 255, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-12 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-12 Prep. Ex. # intermediate product yield 256

69% [MH]⁺ = 223 257

70% [MH]⁺ = 238 258

77% [MH]⁺ = 266 259

34% [MH]⁺ = 222 260

24% [MH]⁺ = 222 261

60% [MH]⁺ = 240 262

71% [MH]⁺ = 240 263

87% [MH]⁺ = 280 264

46% [MH]⁺ = 267 265

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 300/302 266

80% [MH]⁺ = 256 267

55% [MH]⁺ = 236 268

82% [MH]⁺ = 256 269

68% [MH]⁺ = 290 270

80% [MH]⁺ = 240

Preparative Example 271

Step A

A suspension of commercially available methyl acetopyruvate (3.60 g) in H₂O (10 mL) was heated to 40° C., then a mixture of commercially available 1H-tetrazol-5-amine (2.10 g) and concentrated HCl (2 mL) in H₂O (4 mL) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 1 h, before it was cooled to 0° C. The formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with H₂O, dried in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound as a mixture of regioisomers (˜919, 2.15 g, 45%). [MH]⁺=194.

Step B

To a mixture of selenium dioxide (780 mg) in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) was added dropwise a 5.5M solution of tert-butyl hydroperoxide in hexanes (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, then the title compound from Step A above (600 mg) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h. The mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite®, concentrated, diluted with H₂O (10 mL) and extracted with CHCl₃. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was used without further purification. [MH]⁺=224.

Preparative Example 272

Step A

Commercially available 1H-tetrazol-5-amine (2.15 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 271, Step A, except using ethyl acetopyruvate (4.00 g) to afford the title compound as a pale orange mixture of regioisomers (˜75:25, 4.20 g, 80%). [MH]⁺=208.

Step B

The title compound from Step B above (4.00 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 271, Step B to afford the title compound as a orange red solid (1.30 g, 28%). [MH]⁺=238

Preparative Example 273

Step A

To an ice cooled solution of commercially available 2-chloro-6-methyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (20.05 g) in MeOH (500 mL) was added NaBH₄ (8.10 g) in small portions over a period of 3 h. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 h. The mixture was poured into saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (17.26 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=159.

Step B

To an ice cooled suspension of the title compound from Step A above (17.08 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL) were subsequently added ^(i)Pr₂NEt (30 mL) and (2-methoxyethoxy)methyl chloride (13.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h, additional ^(i)Pr₂NEt (11 mL) and (2-methoxyethoxy)methyl chloride (6.1 mL) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 6 h. Then the mixture was concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a yellow oil (10.75 g, 42%). [MH]⁺=247.

Step C

Under a nitrogen atmosphere a solution of the title compound from Step B above (10.75 g) in MeOH (60 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of hydrazine hydrate (10.60 mL) in MeOH (300 mL) at 70° C. The mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 14 h, cooled and concentrated. The remaining residue was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow oil (10.00 g, 95%). [MH]⁺=243.

Step D

A suspension of the title compound from Step C above (9.50 g) in (EtO)₃CH (200 mL) was heated to reflux for 6 h. Then AcOH (5 mL) was added at heating to reflux was continued for 6 h. The mixture was cooled, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford major isomer (7.05 g, 71%) and the minor isomer (2.35 g, 24%) of the title compound. [MH]⁺=253.

Preparative Example 274

Step A

To a solution of the major isomer of title compound from the Preparative Example 273, Step D (9.40 g) in THF (200 mL) was added a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (37 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated to afford the title compound (8.53 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=165.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (8.53 g) and Na₂CO₃ (4.26 g) were dissolved in H₂O (250 mL). The suspension was heated to 50° C. and KMnO₄ (8.13 g) was added in small portions over a period of 30 min. The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h, cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of Celite® and concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was used without further purification (13.42 g). [MH]⁺=179.

Step C

SOCl₂ (10.9 mL) was added dropwise to an ice cooled suspension of the title compound from Step B above (13.4 g) in MeOH (400 mL). The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded the title compound as an orange solid (2.23 g, 16%). [MH]⁺=193.

Step D

A mixture of the title compound from Step C above (1.21 g) and selenium dioxide (1.40 g) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was heated to 70° C. for 4 h. Cooling to room temperature, filtration through a pad of Celite® and concentration afforded the crude title compound as a red solid, which was used without further purification (1.4 g). [MH]⁺=223.

Preparative Example 275

Step A

The minor isomer of title compound from the Preparative Example 273, Step D (2.35 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 274, Step A to afford the title compound (1.53 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=165.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (1.53 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 274, Step B to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=179.

Step C

The title compound from Step B above was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 274, Step C to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=193.

Step D

The title compound from Step C above was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 274, Step D to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=223.

Preparative Example 276

Step A

A suspension of the title compound from the Preparative Example 255, Step A (2.22 g) in dry toluene (15 mL) was placed in a preheated oil bath (˜80° C.). Then N,N-dimethylformamide di-tert-butyl acetal (9.60 mL) was added carefully over a period of ˜10 min and the resulting black/brown mixture was stirred at −80° C. for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (150 mL), washed with H₂O (2×150 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (150 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (1.39 g, 50%). [MH]⁺=279.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.39 g) in dry 1,2-dichloroethane (50 mL) was added trimethyltin hydroxide (1.01 g). The resulting yellow suspension was placed in a preheated oil bath (˜80° C.) and stirred at this temperature for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (250 mL), washed with 5% aqueous HCl (2×250 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (250 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and vacuum dried for ˜15 h to afford a beige solid, which was used without further purification (756 mg, 57%). [MH]⁺=265.

Preparative Example 277

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 272, Step B (2.37 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 276, Step A to afford the title compound (1.68 g, 57%). [MH]⁺=294.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (1.36 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 276, Step B to afford the title compound as a beige solid (1.20 g, 97%). [MH]⁺=266.

Preparative Example 278

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 259 (94 mg) in DMF (3 mL) were added the title compound from the Preparative Example 7, Step D (94 mg), PyBrOP (216 mg) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (123 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (60 mg, 37%). [MH]⁺=451.

Preparative Example 279

Step A

To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 255, Step A (250 mg) and the title compound from the Preparative Example 214, Step A (329 mg) in DMF (10 mL) were added N-methylmorpholine (170 μL), HATU (570 mg) and HOAt (204 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight while warming to room temperature and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a yellow/brown gummy solid (177 mg, 35%). [MH]⁺=462.

Preparative Example 280

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 267 (236 mg) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (0.32 mL) at 0° C., followed by the addition of anhydrous DMF (0.1 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, stirred for 1 h and concentrated. To the remaining reddish solid residue was added anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) at 0° C., followed by the addition of a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 138 (231 mg) and NEt₃ (0.42 mL) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, stirred overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the desired product (150 mg, 34%). [MH]⁺=449.

Preparative Example 281

Step A

A solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 271, Step B (˜670 mg), PyBOP (2.35 g) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (780 μL) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Commercially available 4-fluoro-3-methyl benzylamine (500 mg) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (780 μL) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued overnight. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound as a single regioisomer (200 mg, 19% over two steps). [MH]⁺=345.

Preparative Example 282

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 260 (506 mg) and the title compound from the Preparative Example 161 (555 mg) in DMF (15 mL) were added N-methylmorpholine (250 μL), EDCI (530 mg) and HOAt (327 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as an orange solid (208 mg, 24%). [MH]⁺=382.

Preparative Examples 283-320

Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 279 (method A), 280 (method B), 281 (method C), 278 (method D) or 282 (method E), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table I-13 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-13 Prep. Ex. # acid, amine product method, yield 283

B, 36% [MH]⁺ = 431

284

C, 47% [MH]⁺ = 388

285

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 421/423

286

C, 33% [MH]⁺ = 440

287

A, 41% [MH]⁺ = 347

288

A, 44% [MH]⁺ = 347

289

A, 76% [MH]⁺ = 458/460

290

D, 11% [MH]⁺ = 343

291

A, 83% [MH]⁺ = 381

292

A, 73% [MH]⁺ = 414

293

A, 32% [MNa]⁺ = 491

294

B, 76% [M − H]⁻ = 452

295

A, 7% (over 2 steps), [MH]⁺ = 410

296

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 344

297

B, 34% [MH]⁺ = 364

298

B, 72% [MH]⁺ = 363

299

A, 37% [MH]⁺ = 395

300

A, 79% [MH]⁺ = 381

301

A, 71% [MH]⁺ = 364

302

A, 43% [MH]⁺ = 435

303

E, 82% [MH]⁺ = 400

304

A, 67% [MNa]⁺ = 500

305

A, 73% [MNa]⁺ = 475

306

B, 34% [MNa]⁺ = 449

307

B, 34% [MNa]⁺ = 491

308

B, 73% [M − H]⁻ = 501

309

A, 20% [MH]⁺ = 342

310

A, 21% [MH]⁺ = 401

311

A, 10% [MH]⁺ = 453

312

A, 73% [MH]⁺ = 414

313

A, 71% [MH]⁺ = 453

314

A, >99% [MH]⁺ = 397

315

A, 70% [MH]⁺ = 344

316

A, 33% [MH]⁺ = 359

317

A, 54% [MH]⁺ = 411

318

A, 60% [MH]⁺ = 387

319

A, 47% [MH]⁺ = 419

320

A, 29% [MH]⁺ = 401

Preparative Example 321

Step A

To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 278, Step A (75 mg) in dry THF (10 mL) were successively added NaH (95%, 10 mg) and methyl iodide (250 μL). The cooling bath was removed and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CHCl₃/MeOH) afforded the title compound as a colorless solid (52 mg, 69%). [MNa]⁺=473.

Preparative Example 322

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 2-aminoimidazole sulfate (1.0 g), NH₄OAc (1.2 g) and methyl acetopyruvate (1.1 g) in AcOH (10 mL) was stirred at 120° C. for 3 h, then absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, EtOAc/MeOH) to give an off-white solid (396 mg, 14%). [MH]⁺=192.

Step B

A solution of the title compound from Step A above (14 mg) in THF (100 μL), MeOH (100 μL), and 1N aqueous LiOH (80 μL) was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and then concentrated to give a yellow residue. [MH]⁺=178. A mixture of this residue, PyBOP (42 mg), 4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylamine (11 mg), and NEt₃ (20 μL) in DMF (200 μL) and THF (400 μL) was stirred for 4 h, then absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, EtOAc/MeOH) to give an off-white solid (12 mg, 55%). [MH]⁺=299.

Step C

A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (100 mg) and selenium dioxide (93 mg) in dioxane (1.5 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through Celite®. The filter cake was washed with dioxane (3×1 mL). To the supernatant were added oxone (206 mg) and H₂O (100 μL) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h and then filtered. The supernatant was concentrated and then stirred in a premixed solution of acetyl chloride (100 μL) in MeOH (2 mL) in a sealed vial for 3 h at 65° C. The solution was absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give a yellow solid (40 mg, 35%). [MH]⁺=343.

Preparative Example 323

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 4-nitroimidazole (5 g) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 500 mg) in a premixed solution of acetyl chloride (4 mL) in MeOH (100 mL) was hydrogenated in a Parr shaker at 35 psi for 5 h. The mixture was filtered through Celite® and concentrated to give a black oil. [MH]⁺=115. This oil and methyl acetylpyruvate (6.4 g) were stirred in AcOH (70 mL) and MeOH (70 mL) at 65° C. for 18 h. The resulting mixture was absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH). Further purification of the resulting residue by chromatography (silica, EtOAc) afforded an orange solid (120 mg, 1.4%). [MH]⁺=192.

Step B

A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (50 mg) and selenium dioxide (116 mg) in dioxane (1 mL) was heated to 130° C. in a sealed tube for 6 h, cooled and filtered through Celite®. The supernatant was concentrated to give a orange residue. [MH]⁺=222. This residue was stirred with 4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylamine (27 μL), PyBOP (150 mg), and NEt₃ (73 μL) in THF (2 mL) for 3 h, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to give a yellow solid (22 mg, 24%). [MH]⁺=343.

Preparative Example 324

Step A

A solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 262 (0.5 g) and 4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl amine (1.6 g) in DMF (2.5 mL) was stirred at 48° C. for 10 h and then concentrated to an oil. The oil was taken up in EtOAc (120 mL), washed with 1N aqueous HCl (2×70 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (70 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining solid was washed with hexanes/Et₂O (1:1) and MeOH to give a yellow solid (0.31 g, 35%). [MH]⁺=401.

Preparative Examples 325-327

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 324, except using the acids and amines indicated in Table I-14 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-14 Prep. Ex. # acid, amine product yield 325

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 355 326

33% [MH]⁺ = 344 327

65% [MH]⁺ = 381

Preparative Example 328

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 245, Step B (10 mg), commercially available 4-fluorobenzylamine (5.3 mg) and scandium triflate (1 mg) in anhydrous DMF (1 mL) was heated to 60° C. for 12 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (11.5 mg, 83%). [MH]⁺=329.

Preparative Example 329

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 245, Step B (10 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 328, Step A, except using commercially available 3-chloro-4-fluorobenzylamine instead of 4-fluorobenzylamine to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (11.5 mg, 79%). [MH]⁺=363.

Preparative Example 330

Step A

Under an argon atmosphere a solution of commercially available [1,3,5]triazine-2,4,6-tricarboxylic acid triethyl ester (818 mg) and 3-aminopyrazole (460 mg) in dry DMF (8 mL) was heated to 100° C. overnight and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (409 mg, 56%). [MH]⁺=265.

Step B

A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (203 mg) and commercially available 3-chloro-4-fluorobenzylamine (160 mg) in dry DMF (3 mL) was heated to 70° C. overnight and concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound from the Example 286 and the separated regioisomers of the title compound. [MH]⁺=378.

Preparative Example 331

Step A

To a solution of NaOH (24 mg) in dry MeOH (3.2 mL) was added the title compound from the Preparative Example 315 (170 mg). The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, acidified with 1N aqueous HCl and concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with 1N aqueous HCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (130 mg, 80%). [MH]⁺=330.

Preparative Example 332

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 280, Step A (45 mg) in dioxane (3 mL) was added 1M aqueous LiOH (0.12 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, adjusted to pH 2 and concentrated to give a red solid, which was used without further purification (43 mg, 99%). [MH]⁺=435.

Preparative Example 333

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 281, Step A (23 mg) and trimethyltin hydroxide (30 mg) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 3 h, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc (5 mL), washed with 10% aqueous KHSO₄ (5 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (22 mg, 95%). [MH]⁺=331.

Preparative Examples 334-372

Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 331 (method A), 332 (method B) or 333 (method C), except using the esters indicated in Table I-15 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-15 Prep. Ex. # ester product method, yield 334

B, >99% [MH]⁺ = 415 335

C, 97% [MH]⁺ = 374 336

C, 95% [MNa]⁺ = 462 337

A, 98% [MH]⁺ = 437 338

A, 78% [MH]⁺ = 333 339

A, 93% [MH]⁺ = 333 340

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 407/409 341

A, 98% [MH]⁺ = 329 342

A, 96% [MH]⁺ = 367 343

B, 61% [MH]⁺ = 400 344

A, 96% [MNa]⁺ = 477 345

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 396 346

B, 83% [MH]⁺ = 350 347

B, 97% [MH]⁺ = 349 348

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 330 349

A, 67% [MH]⁺ = 448 350

A, 91% [MH]⁺ = 381 351

A, >99% [MH]⁺ = 367 352

B, 85% [MH]⁺ = 350 353

A, 93% [MH]⁺ = 421 354

B, 96% [MH]⁺ = 368 355

B, 82% [MH]⁺ = 386 356

B, 98% [MH]⁺ = 455 357

B, >99% [MH]⁺ = 330 358

B, >99% [MH]⁺ = 489 359

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 315 360

A, 18% [MH]⁺ = 349 361

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 345 362

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 397 363

B, 61% [MH]⁺ = 414 364

B, >99% [MH]⁺ = 439 365

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 329 366

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 329 367

A, >99% [MH]⁺ = 383 368

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 345 369

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 397 370

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 373 371

A, 95% [MH]⁺ = 405 372

A, 95% [MH]⁺ = 387

Preparative Example 373

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 304 (142 mg) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid/H₂O (9:1, 1.5 mL), stirred at room temperature for 1 h and concentrated by co-evaporation with toluene (3×10 mL) to yield a citreous/white solid, which was used without further purification (114 mg, 91%). [MNa]⁺=445.

Preparative Examples 374-375

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 373, except using the esters indicated in Table I-16 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-16 Prep. Ex. # ester product yield 374

>99% [MH]⁺ = 402/404 375

  97% [MH]⁺ = 419

Preparative Example 376

Step A

A mixture of NaOMe (5.40 g), thiourea (5.35 g) and commercially available 2-fluoro-3-oxo-butyric acid ethyl ester (6.27 mL) in anhydrous MeOH (50 mL) was stirred at 100° C. (temperature of the oil bath) for 51/2 h and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The obtained beige suspension was concentrated and diluted with H₂O (50 mL). To the resulting aqueous solution was added concentrated HCl (9 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with H₂O (100 mL) to afford the title compound as a pale beige solid (5.6 g, 70%). [MH]⁺=161.

Step B

A suspension of the title compound from Step A above (5.6 g) and Raney®-nickel (50% slurry in H₂O, 8 mL) in H₂O (84 mL) was heated to reflux for 16 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then filtered. The filter cake was washed successively with MeOH and EtOAc and the combined filtrates were concentrated. The obtained viscous oily residue was diluted with EtOAc and concentrated to afford the title compound as a reddish solid (3.6 g, 80%). [MH]⁺=129.

Step C

A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (3.6 g), K₂CO₃ (11.6 g) and POBr₃ (24.0 g) in anhydrous CH₃CN (200 mL) was heated to reflux for 19 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. A mixture of ice (180 g) and H₂O (30 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. The aqueous mixture was extracted with CHCl₃ (2×150 mL) and EtOAc (2×150 mL) and the combined organic extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow liquid (3.15 g, 58%). [MH]⁺=191/193.

Step D

Under a carbon monoxide atmosphere (7 bar) a mixture of the title compound from Step C above (2.91 g), Pd(OAc)₂ (142 mg), 1,1′-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (284 mg) and Et₃N (4.2 mL) in anhydrous DMA MeOH (1:1, 150 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 17 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated, absorbed on silica (500 mg) and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a beige solid (1.53 g, 59%). [MH]⁺=171.

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (473 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 255, Step A to afford the title compound (514 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=201.

Preparative Example 377

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 376, Step E (360 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 279, Step A, except using commercially available 3-chloro-4-fluoro-benzylamine instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 214, Step A to afford the title compound (195 mg, 32%). [MH]⁺=342.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (195 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 331, Step A to afford the title compound (175 mg, 93%). [MH]⁺=328.

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (175 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 280, Step A, except using a commercially available 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 138 to afford the title compound (160 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=327.

Step D

A 2M solution of oxalyl chloride in CH₂Cl₂ (450 μL) was diluted in DMF (8 mL) and then cooled to 0° C. Pyridine (144 μL) and a solution of the title compound from Step C above (146 mg) in DMF (2 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h and then at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (57 mg, 41%). [MH]⁺=309.

Step E

To a stirring solution of the title compound from Step D above (9 mg) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was added a 1M solution of hydrazine hydrate in 1,4-dioxane (45 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then concentrated to afford the title compound (10 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=321.

Preparative Example 378

Step A

A suspension of commercially available 3-amino-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride (5.06 g) and formamidine acetate (4.20 g) in EtOH (35 mL) was heated to reflux overnight and cooled to room temperature. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with EtOH and dried to afford the title compound as colorless needles (3.65 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=136.

Step B

A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (491 mg) and POBr₃ (4 g) was heated to 80° C. for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with CHCl₃. The organic extracts were concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (276 mg, 38%). [MH]⁺=198/200.

Step C

Under a carbon monoxide atmosphere (7 bar) a mixture of the title compound from Step B above (276 mg), Pd(OAc)₂ (13 mg), 1,1′-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (31 mg) and Et₃N (370 μL) in anhydrous DMA/MeOH (1:2, 15 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 3 d. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a brown solid (260 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=178.

Step D

To the ice cooled title compound from Step C above (120 mg) was added concentrated HNO₃ (ρ=1.5, 1 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. (ice bath) for 30 min, the cooling bath was removed and stirring was continued for 30 min. Ice was added and the formed precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as a brown solid (87 mg, 58%). [MH]⁺=223.

Step E

To the title compound from Step D above (87 mg) was added a solution of LiOH (47 mg) in H₂O. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h and then acidified with 1N aqueous HCl. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as a brown solid (93 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=209.

Preparative Example 379

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative 378, Step E above (93 mg) and the title compound from the Preparative Example 161 (110 mg) in DMF (5 mL) were added N-methylmorpholine (40 μL), EDCI (120 mg) and HOAt (60 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight and then concentrated. 10% aqueous citric acid was added and the formed precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as a brown solid (91.5 mg, 63%). [MH]⁺=369.

Step B

A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (91 mg), AcOH (200 μL) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 55 mg) in THF/MeOH was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered, concentrated and diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a brown solid (12 mg, 9%). [MH]⁺=339.

Preparative Example 380

Step A

Commercially available 4-bromo-3-hydroxy-benzoic acid methyl ester (500 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 32, Step A to afford the title compound (475 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=216.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (475 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 32, Step B to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (316 mg, 73%). [MH]⁺=298.

Preparative Example 381

Step A

Commercially available 5-bromo-2-fluoro-benzamide (500 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 25, Step A to afford the title compound as colorless needles (196 mg, 52%). [MH]⁺=165.

Preparative Example 382

Step A

At room temperature commercially available 4-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid (4.90 g) was slowly added to a 90% solution of HNO₃ (10 mL). H₂SO₄ (12 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The mixture was poured on a mixture of ice (250 g) and H₂O (50 mL). After 30 min the precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O and air dried. Purification by chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/cyclohexane/AcOH) afforded the title compound as regioisomer A (2.30 g, 38%) and regioisomer B (1.44 g, 23%). ¹H-NMR (acetone-d₆) regioisomer A: δ=8.36 (s, 1H), 8.13-8.25 (m, 2H), regioisomer B: δ=8.58 (s, 1H), 8.50 (m, 1H), 8.20 (d, 1H).

Step B

A mixture of the regioisomer A from Step A above (1.44 g) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 400 mg) in MeOH (150 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 1 h and filtered. The filter cake was washed with MeOH (50 mL) and the combined filtrates were concentrated to afford the title compound (1.20 g, 95%). [MH]⁺=206.

Step C

To a cooled to (0-5° C.) mixture of the title compound from Step B above (1.2 g) and concentrated H₂SO₄ (6 mL) in H₂O (34 mL) was slowly added a solution of NaNO₃ (420 mg) in H₂O (6 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. for 45 min and then added to a mixture of H₂O (48 mL) and concentrated H₂SO₄ (6 mL), which was kept at 135° C. (temperature of the oil bath). The resulting mixture was stirred at 135° C. (temperature of the oil bath) for 2½ h, cooled to room temperature, diluted with ice water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/cyclohexane/AcOH) to afford the title compound (797 mg, 66%). [MH]⁺=207.

Step D

To a cooled (−30° C.) solution of the title compound from Step C above (790 mg) and NEt₃ (1.4 mL) in THF (45 mL) was added ethyl chloroformate (790 μL). The mixture was stirred at −30° C. to −20° C. for 1 h and then filtered. The precipitated salts were washed with THF (20 mL). The combined filtrates were cooled to −20° C. and a 33% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (20 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 20 min, then the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 min. Then the mixture was concentrated and dissolved in THF (25 mL) and CH₃CN (6 mL). Pyridine (3.15 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. Trifluoroacetic anhydride (2.73 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. Then the mixture was concentrated in vacuo, diluted with MeOH (22 mL) and 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (22 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 48 h. The mixture was concentrated to ˜20 mL, acidified (pH ˜1) with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (490 mg, 67%). [MH]⁺=188.

Preparative Examples 383-386

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 34, except using the nitriles indicated in Table I-17 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-17 Prep. Ex. # nitrile product yield 383

51% ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 7.78 (d, 1H), 7.58 (t, 1H), 7.38 (d, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 4.25 (d, 2H), 1.52 (s, 9H), 1.40 (s, 9H) 384

53% [MNa]⁺ = 324/326 385

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 291 386

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 292

Preparative Examples 387-389

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 133, except using the protected amines indicated in Table I-18 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-18 Prep. Ex. # protected amine product yield 387

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 201/203 388

n.d. [M − Cl]⁺ = 169 389

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 192

Preparative Example 390

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 383 (42 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 208, Step A to afford the title compound (32 mg, 98%). [M-TFA]⁺=165.

Preparative Example 391

Step A

A solution of title compound from the Preparative Example 39, Step C (1.0 g) in SOCl₂ (5 mL) was heated to reflux for 3 h, concentrated and coevaporated several times with cyclohexane to afford the corresponding acid chloride. A mixture of magnesium turnings (127 mg) and EtOH (100 μL) in dry benzene (2 mL) was heated to reflux until the dissolution of the magnesium started. A mixture of diethyl malonate (810 μl) and EtOH (700 μL) in benzene (3 mL) was added over a period of 30 min and heating to reflux was continued for 3 h (complete dissolution of the magnesium). The EtOH was then removed by azeotropic distillation with fresh portions of benzene and the volume was brought to ˜5 mL by addition of benzene. The mixture was heated to reflux, a solution of the acid chloride in benzene (5 mL) was added over a period of 30 min and heating to reflux was continued for 3½ h. The resulting viscous mixture was poured on a mixture of ice and 6N aqueous HCl. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted was benzene (2×10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was diluted with AcOH (25 mL) and concentrated HCl (25 mL), heated to reflux for 16 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (665 mg, 76%). [MH]⁺=197.

Step B

A mixture of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (807 mg) and pyridine (4.5 mL) in EtOH (4.5 mL) was heated to reflux for 5 min, the title compound from Step A above (759 mg) was added and heating to reflux was continued for 3 h. The mixture was cooled, concentrated and diluted with cold 3N aqueous HCl (30 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O and air dried to afford the title compound (590 mg, 72%). [MH]⁺=212.

Step C

A mixture of the title compound from Step B above (440 mg), 6N aqueous HCl (5 mL) and PtO₂ (95 mg) in 90% aqueous EtOH (40 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 36 h, filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound as a colorless solid (436 mg, 80%). [M-Cl]⁺=226.

Preparative Examples 392-393

Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 280, except using the acids and amines indicated in Table I-19 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-19 Prep. Ex. # acid, amine product yield 392

69% [MH]⁺ = 330 393

41% [MH]⁺ = 429

Preparative Examples 394-395

Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 331, except using the esters indicated in Table I-20 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-20 Prep. Ex. # ester product yield 394

95% [MH]⁺ = 316 395

95% [MH]⁺ = 415

The Preparative Example numbers 396 to 804 were intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 805

Step A

To a cooled (40° C.) solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 39, Step C (1.0 g) and NEt₃ (890 μL) in THF (50 mL) was slowly added ethyl chloroformate (490 μL). The mixture was stirred at −25° C. for 1 h and then filtered. The precipitated salts were washed with THF (40 mL). The combined filtrates were cooled to 0° C. and a solution of NaBH₄ (528 mg) in H₂O (9.4 mL) was added carefully. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 45 min, the cooling bath was removed and stirring was continued at room temperature for 45 min. Then the mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (40 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (40 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (910 mg, 97%). [MH]⁺=199.

Step B

To a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (20 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml) was added IBX-polystyrene (500 mg) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (19 mg, 97%). [MH]⁺=197.

The Preparative Example numbers 806 to 835 and the Table numbers I-21 to II-30 were intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 836

Step A

To a mixture of the commercial available 1-chloro-3-iodo-2-methylbenzene (2 52 g), tert.-butyl acrylate (4.35 mL) and NaOAc (1.65 g) in DMF (10 mL) was added Ru/Al₂O₃ (5 wt %, 1.00 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 150° C. for 12 h, extracted with EtOAc and Et₂O, washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was purified by short pad filtration (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a liquid (2.40 g, 95%). [MH]⁺=253.

Step B

A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (2.4 g) and Pt/C (10 wt %, 200 mg) in MeOH (10 mL) was hydrogenated at 1.5 bar overnight, filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was purified by short pad filtration (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a liquid (2.39 g, 95%). [MH]⁺=255.

Step C

To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (2.1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL) was added dropwise pure CSA (2.5 mL) The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc and Et₂O and carefully added to ice water. The organic phase was separated, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a white solid (1.26 g, 85%). [MH]⁺=181.

Step D

Under an argon atmosphere a pressure reactor was charged with the title compound from Step C above (1.0 g), Na₂CO₃ (1.1 g), Pd(OAc)₂ (120 mg), H₂O (2 mL), dppp (410 mg) and DMA (20 mL). The reactor was purged with carbon monoxide, the reactor pressure was adjusted to 1 bar and placed in a preheated oil bath (135° C.). The reactor vessel was pressurized with carbon monoxide (6 bar) and heating to 135° C. was continued overnight. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature, purged with argon, diluted with H₂O (15 mL) and hexane (15 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 15 min. Activated carbon was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 20 min. The mixture was filtered through a pad Celite®, adjusted to pH=1-2 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and slurried in Et₂O. Filtration and drying in vacuo afforded the title compound (840 mg, 80%). [MH]⁺=191.

Step E

A mixture of the title compound from Step D above (100 g) and Na₂CO₃ (55.7 g) in DMF (500 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and then quenched at 0-5° C. (ice bath) with H₂O (600 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O (2×200 mL), dissolved in CH₂Cl₂, washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (91 mg, 85%). [MH]⁺=205.

Step F

A solution of the title compound from Step E above (21.7 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was added over a 10 h period to a cooled (−20° C.) mixture of a 1M solution of (S)-(−)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine in toluene (21.2 mL) and a 1M solution of BH₃.Me₂S complex in CH₂Cl₂ (107 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL). The mixture was then quenched at −20° C. by addition of MeOH (210 mL), warmed to room temperature and concentrated. The obtained solid residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (210 mL), washed with 1M aqueous H₃PO₄ (2×100 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (21 g, 96%, ˜99% ee). [MH]⁺=207.

Step G

To an cooled (0° C.) mixture of the title compound from Step F above (50 g) and diphenylphosphoryl azide (70 mL) in toluene was added DBU (55 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and then at 20° C. for 16 h. The resulting biphasic mixture was washed with H₂O (750 mL), 1M aqueous H₃PO₄ (650 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (650 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (650 mL), dried (MgSO₄) and filtered. The obtained filtrate was agitated with charcoal (25 g), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound. [MH]⁺=232.

Step H

A mixture of the title compound from Step G above (2.5 g) and Pt/C (10 wt %, 250 mg) in toluene (78 mL) was hydrogenated at 200 psi for 21 h, filtered through Celite® and extracted with 1M aqueous HCl. The aqueous phase was washed with EtOAc, basified with 1M aqueous K₃PO₄ (400 ml), extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.8 g, 81%, 98.8% ee). [MH]⁺=206.

Preparative Example 837

Step A

A suspension of commercially available 3,4-dihydroxybenzonitrile (2.00 g) and Na₂CO₃ (4.91 g) in dry DMF (50 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Into this mixture was condensed commercially available chlorodifluoromethane (˜50 g) using a dry ice condenser. The resulting slurry was stirred at 160° C. (temperature of the oil bath) for 5 h, cooled and stirred at room temperature overnight without condenser. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with 5% aqueous NaOH, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as an oil (49 mg, 1%). [MH]⁺=236.

Preparative Example 838

Step A

To a suspension of commercially available 3-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)benzoic acid (500 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added a 2M solution of oxalyl chloride in CH₂Cl₂ (1.83 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h and then concentrated to dryness. A 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 16 h. The resulting mixture was diluted with 1,4-dioxane (20 mL), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (374 mg, 75%). [MH]⁺=205.

Step B

To a suspension of the title compound from Step A above (376 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (566 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 d, an additional portion of trifluoroacetic anhydride (566 μL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 1 d. The mixture was concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (63.1 mg, 18%). [MH]⁺=187.

Preparative Example 839

Step A

In a sealed pressure tube a mixture of commercially available 2-chloropyridine-4-carbonitrile (1.00 g) in morpholine (30 mL) was heated to 130° C. for 13 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CHCl₃/MeOH) to afford the title compound (256 mg, 19%). [MH]⁺=190.

Preparative Example 840

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 4-fluoro-3-nitro-benzonitrile (1.5 g) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 400 mg) in EtOH (10 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.2 g, >99%.) [MH]⁺=137.

Preparative Example 841

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 840, Step A (566 mg), ^(i)Pr₂NEt (2.15 mL) and commercially available 1-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-bromoethane (627 μL) was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h and at 140° C. for 6 h. An additional portion of 1-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-bromoethane (627 μL) was added and stirring was continued at 160° C. for 6 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CHCl₃/MeOH) to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=207.

Preparative Example 842

Step A

A mixture of the commercially available cubane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (1.65 g) and KOH (300 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (10:1, 11 mL) was heated to reflux overnight, cooled to room temperature, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc and extracted with 1N aqueous NaOH (2×10 mL). The combined aqueous phases were adjusted to pH 1-2 with 2N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (4×25 mL). The combined turbid organic phases were filtered through a fluted filter, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid (500 mg, 32%). [MH]⁺=207.

Step B

To a cooled (−40° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (490 mg) and NEt₃ (400 μL) in THF (20 mL) was slowly added ethyl chloroformate (240 μL). The mixture was allowed to warm to −25° C. and stirred at this temperature for 1 h. A 0.5N solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane (5.5 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 30 min. The cooling bath was removed and stirring was continued for 15 min. The mixture was concentrated diluted H₂O (10 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (1×20 mL, 2×10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (208 mg, 42%). [MH]⁺=206.

Step C

DMF (10 mL) was cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath) and a 2M solution of oxalyl chloride in CH₂Cl₂ (650 μL) was added followed by a solution of the title compound from Step B above (208 mg) in DMF (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 5 h, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (140 mg, 75%). [MH]⁺=188.

Preparative Example 843

Step A

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) suspension of commercially available 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (5 g) in MeOH (50 mL) was dropwise added thionyl chloride (10.9 mL). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h, before it was concentrated to afford the title compound as a solid (5.34 g, >99%). [MH]⁺=168.

Step B

To a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (5.34 g) and NaHCO₃ (10 g) in acetone/H₂O (1:1, 120 mL) was slowly added 2-bromopropionyl bromide (3 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h, cooled and stirred at 25° C. overnight. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and washed several times with H₂O to afford the title compound (3.6 g, 50%). [MH]⁺=208.

Step C

To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (3.55 g) in THF/MeOH (2:1, 120 mL) was added 1M aqueous LiOH (50 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, adjusted to pH 2 with 1M aqueous HCl and concentrated. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with H₂O to afford the crude title compound, which used without further purification (3.0 g, 90%). [MH]⁺=194.

Step D

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from Step C above (1.00 g) in DMF (10 mL) was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (1.44 g). The resulting solution was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 50 min, then a 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was added, the ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with H₂O and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (795 mg, 80%). [MH]⁺=193.

Step E

DMF (10 mL) was cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath) and a 2M solution of oxalyl chloride in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL) was added followed by a solution of the title compound from Step D above (795 mg) in DMF (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 5 h, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (140 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=175.

Preparative Example 844

Step A

At room temperature dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (3 5 mL) was added to a solution of the commercially available 2-amino-5-cyanopyridine (2.4 g) in ^(i)PrOH (10 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h and then cooled to 50° C. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.8 g) was added and the mixture was aged under sonication at 50° C. for 6 h. All volatile components were evaporated and the remaining residue was purified by chromatography (silica, EtOAc/MeOH) to afford the title compound (2.6 g, 80%). [MH]⁺=163.

Step B

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (2.6 g) in 1,4-dioxane/DMF (1:1, 60 mL) trifluoroacetic anhydride (2.5 mL) was slowly added over a period of 10 min, keeping the internal temperature below 20° C. After the complete addition the ice bath was removed and the mixture was heated to 90° C. for 48 h. The mixture was cooled, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, EtOAc/MeOH) to afford the title compound (322 mg, 11%). [MH]⁺=145.

Preparative Example 845

Step A

To a cooled (−78° C.) solution of the commercial available 2-hydroxy-isonicotinonitrile (1.08 g) in THF/DMF (1:1, 40 mL) was added NaH (260 mg) in portions. The mixture was stirred at −25° C. for 2 h and then cooled to −78° C. again. Iodomethane (680 μL) was added, the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with 10% aqueous KHSO₄ (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (600 mg, 49%). [MH]⁺=135.

Preparative Example 846

Step A

Commercially available chlorodifluoromethane was passed through a cooled (−78° C.) suspension of the commercial available 2-hydroxy-isonicotinonitrile (230 mg) and Cs₂CO₃ (650 mg) in 1,2-dichloroethane/DMA (10:1, 11 mL) for 30 min. The reaction vessel was sealed and—using a microwave—the chlorodifluoromethane saturated mixture was heated at 150° C. for 5 h. Then the mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CHCl₃ (20 mL), washed with H₂O (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (200 mg, 55%). [MH]⁺=171.

Preparative Example 847

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 4-bromomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester (500 mg) and KCN (354 mg) in DMA (9 mL) was stirred at 60-70° C. (temperature of the oil bath) overnight, concentrated and diluted with Et₂O (200 mL) and H₂O (80 mL). The organic phase was separated, washed with H₂O (2×80 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (273 mg, 71%). [MH]⁺=176.

Preparative Examples 848-854

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 25, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-31 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-31 Prep. Ex. # intermediate product yield 848

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 144 849

[MH]⁺ = 144 850

67% [MH]⁺ = 175 851

n.d. 852

61% [MH]⁺ = 161 853

n.d. 854

93% [MH]⁺ = 175

Preparative Examples 855-859

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 37, except using the intermediates and reagents indicated in Table I-32 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-32 Prep. Ex. # intermediate, reagent product yield 855

99% [MH]⁺ = 175 856

73% [MH]⁺ = 189 857

22% [MH]⁺ = 203 858

80% [MH]⁺ = 203 859

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 217

Preparative Example 860

Step A

A solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 840, Step A (100 mg) in acetic anhydride (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a white solid (77.6 mg, 60%). [MH]⁺=179.

Preparative Example 861

Step A

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 840, Step A (100 mg) in pyridine (2 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (67.8 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred overnight while warming to room temperature, cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath) again, neutralized with 1M aqueous HCl, diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (47.4 mg, 30%). [MH]⁺=215.

Preparative Example 862

Step A

To a mixture of morpholinomethyl polystyrene (295 mg) in 1,2-dichlorethane (1 mL) were added commercially available 4-cyanobenzene-1-sulfonylchloride (50 mg) and commercially available 2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid tert.-butyl ester hydrochloride (52 mg). The mixture was agitated at room temperature overnight, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as pale yellow solid, which was used without further purification. (75 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=339.

Preparative Examples 863-867

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 862, except using the acids and acid chlorides indicated in Table I-33 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-33 Prep. Ex. # amine, acid chloride product yield 863

92% [MH]⁺ = 339 864

86% [MH]⁺ = 339 865

88% [MH]⁺ = 339 866

88% [MH]⁺ = 339 867

87% [MH]⁺ = 339

Preparative Example 868

Step A

Commercially available 3,4-diamino-benzonitrile (1.02 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step A to afford the title compound as a brown solid (1.18 g, 97%). [MH]⁺=160.

Step B

Title compound from Step A above (1.18 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step B to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (1.14 g, 80%). [MH]⁺=188.

Step C

The title compound from Step A above (1.32 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step C to afford the title compound as a white solid (496 mg, 38%). [MH]⁺=191.

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (1.32 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step D to afford the title compound as white crystals (264 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=165.

Preparative Example 869

Step A

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 29 (1.10 g) in DMF (8 mL) were added NaH (102 mg) and iodomethane (500 μL). The ice bath was removed and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated and diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.02 g, 88%). [MH]⁺=299

Preparative Examples 870-901

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 34, except using the nitriles indicated in Table I-34 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-34 Prep. Ex. # nitrile product yield 870

69% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 248 871

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 248 872

25% [MNa]⁺ = 362 873

66% [MNa]⁺ = 313 874

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 294 875

53% [MH]⁺ = 311 876

42% [MH]⁺ = 279 877

50% [MH]⁺ = 292 878

35% [MH]⁺ = 301 879

50% [MH⁺ = 271 880

70% [MH⁺ = 278 881

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 261 882

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 297 883

50% (over 2 steps) [MNa]⁺ = 298 884

40% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 7.96 (d, 2H), 7.24 (d, 2H), 4.98 (br s, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.30-3.40 (m, 2H), 2.82 (t, 2H), 1.40 (s, 9H). 885

99% [MNa]⁺ = 274 886

45% [MH]⁺ = 443 887

62% [MH]⁺ = 443 888

49% [MH]⁺ = 443 889

68% [MH]⁺ = 443 890

62% [MH]⁺ = 443 891

64% [MH]⁺ = 443 892

89% [MH]⁺ = 279 893

52% [MH]⁺ = 293 894

>99%   [MH]⁺ = 307 895

53% [MNa]⁺ = 329 896

81% [MNa]⁺ = 343 897

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 300 898

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 301 899

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 425 900

 8% [MNa]⁺ = 286 901

80% [MNa]⁺ = 314

Preparative Example 902

Step A

A mixture of The title compound from the Preparative Example 885 (507 mg), ^(i)Pr₂NEt (6.5 mL) and iodomethane (700 μL) in DMF (8 mL) was stirred at room temperature over the weekend, concentrated and diluted with EtOAc (60 mL) and H₂O (20 mL). The organic phase was separated, washed with 0.1M aqueous HCl (15 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (15 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (430 mg, 80%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.95 (d, 1H), 7.45-7.49 (m, 2H) 7.29-7.37 (m, 1H), 5.55 (br s, 1H), 4.49 (d, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 9H).

Preparative Example 903

Step A

A mixture of commercially available N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-methionine (2.50 g), tert-butylamine (1.06 mL), EDCI (2.02 g), HOBt (1.99 g) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (7.62 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight and then diluted with H₂O. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and 1M aqueous HCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (2.89 g, 95%). [MH]⁺=305.

Preparative Example 904

Step A

Commercially available N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alanine (1.00 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 903, Step A to afford the title compound as a white solid (1.38 g, >99%). [MNa]⁺=267.

Preparative Example 905

Step A

A solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 903, Step A (1.89 g) in iodomethane (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight and then concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (2.67 g, 97%). [M-S(CH₃)₂I]⁺=257.

Step B

Under an argon atmosphere NaH (166 mg, 60% in mineral oil) was added at once to an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.85 g) in DMF (25 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 15 min and at room temperature for 2 h, diluted with H₂O and saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a colorless oil (800 mg, 75%). [MNa]⁺=279.

Preparative Example 906

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 79 (2.50 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 96, Step A to afford the title compound as an oil (1.63 g, >99%). [MNa]⁺=277.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (1.63 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 97, Step A to afford the title compound as a white solid (1.43 g, 68%). [MNa]⁺=320.

Preparative Example 907

Step A

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of commercially available (3-amino-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (400 mg) in pyridine (5 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (170 μL) before the stirring mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. The resulting mixture was cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath), carefully neutralized with 1M aqueous HCl, diluted with H₂O and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic phase was washed H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as colorless crystals (407 mg, 75%). [MNa]⁺=323.

Preparative Example 908

Step A

To a solution of 3,4-diethoxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (790 μL) in MeOH (20 mL) was added commercially available (3-aminomethyl-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (840 mg). The mixture was stirred for 2 h, 30% aqueous solution of methylamine (30 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 h. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to afford the title compound as a white solid (1.17 g, 95%). [MNa]⁺=368.

Preparative Example 909

Step A

Commercially available (3-aminomethyl-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1.39 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 907, Step A, except using a 2M solution of dimethylamine in THF instead of 30% aqueous methylamine to afford the title compound as black needles (632 mg, 88%). [MNa]⁺=382.

Preparative Examples 910-911

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 7, Step C, except using the acids indicated in Table I-35 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-35 Prep. Ex. # acid product yield 910

>99% [MH]⁺ = 308 911

  35% [MNa]⁺ = 356

Preparative Example 912

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 39, Step C (500 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 17, Step A to afford the title compound (460 mg, 60%). [MNa]⁺=306.

Preparative Example 913

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 805, Step B (339 mg), 30% aqueous NH₄OH (240 μL) and KCN (124 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (2:1, 15 mL) was added NH₄Cl (104 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C. overnight, diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (330 mg, 86%). [MH]⁺=223.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (330 mg) in THF (10 mL) were subsequently added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (487 mg) and NaHCO₃ (249 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (385 mg, 85%). [MNa]⁺=345.

Step C

To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (385 mg) in MeOH/H₂O (2:1, 15 mL) was added sodium perborate tetrahydrate (552 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. overnight, concentrated and diluted with EtOAc and saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The organic phase was separated, washed with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (393 mg, 97%). [MNa]⁺=363.

Preparative Examples 914-946

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 133, except using the protected amines indicated in Table I-36 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-36 Prep. Ex. # protected amine product yield 914

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 148 915

>99% (over 3 steps) [M − Cl]⁺ = 148 916

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 240 917

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 191 918

>99% [M − HCl₂]⁺ = 194 919

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 211 920

>99% [M − NH₃Cl]⁺ = 162 921

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 158 922

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 156 923

  99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 192 924

  99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 179 925

  99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 149 926

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 156 927

n.d. [M − Cl]⁺ = 139 928

n.d. [M − Cl]⁺ = 175 929

  95% [M − Cl]⁺ = 176 930

>99% [M − NH₃Cl]⁺ = 162 931

>99% [M − NH₃Cl]⁺ = 176 932

>99% [M − NH₃Cl]⁺ = 190 933

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 157 934

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 145 935

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 207 936

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 221 937

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 184 938

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 241 939

  57% (over 3 steps) [M − NH₃Cl]⁺ = 161 940

  37% (over 2 steps) [M − NH₃Cl]⁺ = 162 941

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 198 942

>99% [M − NH₃Cl]⁺ = 184 943

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 164 944

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 192 945

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 246 946

  88% [M − Cl]⁺ = 260

Preparative Example 947

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 852 (127 mg), Pd/C (10 wt %, 93 mg) and 50% aqueous AcOH (1 mL) in EtOH (5 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was diluted with a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL), stirred at room temperature for 1 h and concentrated to afford the title compound as a white solid (148 mg, 93%). [M-NH₃Cl]⁺=148.

Preparative Examples 948-949

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 947, except using the nitrites indicated in Table I-37 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-37 Prep. Ex. # nitrile product yield 948

>99% [M − NH₃Cl]⁺ = 156 949

  27% [M − NH₃Cl]⁺ = 202

Preparative Examples 950-951

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 214, except using the intermediates and amines indicated in Table I-38 below instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 95, Step A and NH₃, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-38 Prep. Ex. # intermediate, amine product yield 950

n.d. [M − Cl]⁺ = 264 951

50% (over 3 steps) [M − Cl]⁺ = 264

Preparative Example 952

Step A

Commercially available 4-aminomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (500 mg) was dissolved in a 33% solution of NH₃ in H₂O (50 mL) and heated in a sealed pressure tube to 90° C. for 20 h. Cooling to room temperature and concentration afforded the title compound. [M-Cl]⁺=151.

Preparative Example 953

Step A

Commercially available 6-acetyl-4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-one (2.36 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 217, Step A to afford the title compound as a colorless fluffy needles (2.19 g, 86%). [MH]⁺=207.

Step B

The title compound from Step B above (888 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 217, Step B to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (163 mg, 32%). [MH]⁺=193.

Preparative Example 954

Step A

Commercially available 2-hydroxy-4-methylaniline (4.64 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step A to afford the title compound as black needles (5.00 g, 89%).

Step B

A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (1.03 g) in acetic anhydride (20 mL) was heated to 80° C. for 2 h, concentrated, diluted with toluene (2×), concentrated (2×) and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as brown crystals (1.32 g, >99%).

Step C

The title compound from Step A above (1.32 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step C to afford the title compound as a white solid (496 mg, 38%). [MH]⁺=191.

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (1.32 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step D to afford the title compound as white crystals (264 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=165.

Preparative Example 955

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 954, Step C (240 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step B to afford the title compound as a white solid (243 mg, 94%). [MH]⁺=205.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (243 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 213, Step D to afford the title compound as a white solid (118 mg, 44%). [M-Cl]⁺=179.

Preparative Examples 956-957

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 208, except using the protected amines indicated in Table I-39 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-39 Prep. Ex. # protected amine product yield 956

>99% [M − TFA]⁺ = 180 957

>99% [M − TFA]⁺ = 164

Preparative Examples 958-965

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 7, Step D, except using the protected amines indicated in Table I-40 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-40 Prep. Ex. # protected amine product yield 958

58% [MH]⁺ = 208 959

20% [M-NH₂]⁺ = 217 960

84% [MH]⁺ = 343 961

63% [MH]⁺ = 343 962

55% [MH]⁺ = 343 963

51% [MH]⁺ = 343 964

50% [MH]⁺ = 343 965

50% [MH]⁺ = 343

Preparative Example 966

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 4-bromomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester (500 mg) and NaN₃ (666 mg) in DMA (9 mL) was stirred at 60-70° C. (temperature of the oil bath) overnight, concentrated and diluted with Et₂O (200 mL) and H₂O (80 mL). The organic phase was separated, washed with H₂O (2×80 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (375 mg, 90%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=8.03 (d, 2H), 7.39 (d, 2H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H).

Step B

A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (375 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 150 mg) in MeOH (100 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 1 h, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (291 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=166.

Preparative Examples 967-968

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 245, Step B, except using the aminopyrazoles indicated in Table I-41 below instead of 2-aminopyrazole, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-41 Prep. Ex. # aminopyrazole product yield 967

6% [MH]⁺ = 312 968

13% [MH]⁺ = 318

Preparative Example 969

Step A

A mixture of title compound from the Preparative Example 262 (100 mg), di-tert.-butyl dicarbonate (182 mg) and DMAP (15 mg) in THF (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford title compound as yellow solid (84 mg, 68%). [MNa]⁺=318.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A (77 mg) in THF/MeOH (1:1, 2 mL) was added 1M aqueous LiOH (340 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was used without further purification (85 mg). [(M-Li)HNa]⁺=304.

Preparative Example 970

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 262 (50 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 969, Step B to afford the title compound. [(M-]⁻=224.

Preparative Example 971

Step A

To the title compound from the Preparative Example 278, Step A (462 mg) in CHCl₃ (5 mL) was added N-iodosuccinimide (277 mg). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 16 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (587 mg, >99%). [MNa]⁺=599.

Preparative Example 972

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 971, Step A (520 mg), Pd(OAc)₂ (20 mg), dppf (200 mg) and KOAc (354 mg) were dissolved in dry DMSO (5.4 mL) and stirred at 60° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 1 atm for 16 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded the title compound as a yellow solid (391 mg, 88%). [M-H]⁻=588.

Preparative Example 973

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 288 (210 mg) in CHCl₃ (5 mL) was added N-iodosuccinimide (167 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 1 h, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (365 mg, 97%). [MH]⁺=473.

Preparative Example 974

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 973, Step A (95 mg), Pd(OAc)₂ (4.5 mg), dppf (45 mg) and KOAc (79 mg) were dissolved in dry DMSO (1.5 mL) and stirred at 60° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 1 atm for 4 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl (2×) and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound, which was use with out further purification (92 mg). [MH]⁺=391.

Preparative Example 975

Step A

A mixture of commercially available 5-nitro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1.45 g) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 106 mg) in MeOH (25 mL) was hydrogenated at 25 psi for 2 h, filtered through Celite® and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.25 g, 88%). [MH]⁺=142.

Step B

A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (325 mg) and methyl acetopyruvate (330 mg) in MeOH (10 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h and then cooled to room temperature. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as a white solid (356 mg, 62%). [MH]⁺=250.

Step C

To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (229 mg) in 1,4-dioxane/MeOH (5:1, 12 mL) was added 1M aqueous NaOH (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then acidified. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to afford the crude title compound as a white solid. (177 mg, 38%). [MH]⁺=236.

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (172 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 280, Step A to afford the title compound (171 mg, 65%). [MH]⁺=361.

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (151 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 274, Step D to afford the title compound. [MH]⁺=391.

Preparative Examples 976-982

Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 279 (method A), 280 (method B), 281 (method C), 278 (method D) or 282 (method E), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table I-42 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-42 Prep. Ex. # acid, amine product method, yield 976

E, 68% [MNa]⁺ = 435 977

E, 67% [M − H]⁻ = 602 978

E, 95% [MH]⁺ = 382 979

E, 84% [MH]⁺ = 221 980

B, 42% (over 2 steps) [M − H]⁻ = 500 981

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 387 982

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 444

Preparative Examples 983-986

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 328, Step A, except using the esters and nucleophiles indicated in Table I-43 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-43 Prep. Ex. # ester, nucleophile product yield 983

39% [MH]⁺ = 423 984

32% [MH]⁺ = 429 985

80% [MH]⁺ = 298 986

94% [MH]⁺ = 304

Preparative Examples 987-993

Following similar procedures as described in the Preparative Examples 331 (method A), 332 (method B) or 333 (method C), except using the esters indicated in Table I-44 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-44 Prep. Ex. # ester product method, yield 987

A, >99% [MH]⁺ = 207 988

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 376 989

B, 99% [MH]⁺ = 486 990

C, 70% [MH]⁺ = 409 991

C, 67% [MH]⁺ = 415 992

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 373 993

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 430

Preparative Example 994

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 976 was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 373 to afford the title compound (>99%). [MH]⁺=357

Preparative Examples 995-996

Following a similar procedures as described in the Preparative Example 324, Step A, except using the esters and amines indicated in Table I-45 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-45 Prep. Ex. # ester, amine product yield 995

74% [MH]⁺ = 409 996

87% [MH]⁺ = 415

Preparative Example 997

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 339 (50 mg) and HSO₃Cl (500 μL) was stirred at 90° C. for 1 h, cooled and the cautiously poured onto ice (5 g). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, dried in vacuo and then added to a premixed solution of acetyl chloride (100 μL) in MeOH (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 1 h and concentrated to afford the title compound (42 mg, 65%). [M-H]⁻=425.

Preparative Example 998

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 339 (168 mg) and HSO₃Cl (2 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h, cooled and the cautiously poured onto ice (15 g). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, dried in vacuo and then added to solution of commercially available 2-chloroaniline (100 μL) in CHCl₃ (5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 18 h, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford a residue containing the title compound (9 mg). [M-H]⁻=519.

Preparative Example 999

Step A

At 100° C. N,N-dimethylformamide di-tert-butyl acetal (3.6 mL) was added to a solution of commercial available pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid 5-methyl ester (1.36 g) in dry toluene (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 3 h, cooled to room temperature, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with water (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (726 mg, 40%). [MH]⁺=238.

Step B

Using a microwave, a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (600 mg) and trimethyltin hydroxide (1.35 mg) in 1,2-dichloroethane (20 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CHCl₃ (30 mL), washed with 10% aqueous KHSO₄ (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (307 mg, 55%). [MH]⁺=224.

Preparative Example 1000

Step A

A mixture of the commercial available trans-dimethylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate (1 g) and KOH (300 mg) in THF/H₂O (10:1, 30 mL) was stirred at 100° C. overnight, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc and adjusted to pH 1-2 with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (820 mg, 88%). [MH]⁺=187.

Preparative Example 1001

Step A

Using a microwave, a suspension of commercially available 4-bromo-3-methyl-benzoic acid methyl ester (1.5 g) and CuCN (490 mg) in dry N-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (10 mL) was heated at 230° C. for 10 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with 35% aqueous NH₃ (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a solid (590 mg, 67%). [MH]⁺=176.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (590 mg) in THF/MeOH (2:1, 60 mL) was added 1M aqueous LiOH (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, adjusted to pH 2 and concentrated to afford the crude title compound as a solid, which was used without further purification (540 mg, 99%). [MH]⁺=162.

Preparative Examples 1002-1007

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 805, Step A, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-46 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-46 Prep. Ex. # intermediate product yield 1002

52% [MH]⁺ = 210 1003

57% [MH]⁺ = 168 1004

51% [MH]⁺ = 199 1005

52% [MH]⁺ = 173 1006

61% [MH]⁺ = 148 1007

18% [MH]⁺ = 188

Preparative Examples 1008-1013

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 805, Step B, except using the intermediates indicated in Table I-47 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-47 Prep. Ex. # intermediate product yield 1008

99% [MH]⁺ = 208 1009

99% [MH]⁺ = 166 1010

92% [MH]⁺ = 197 1011

95% [MH]⁺ = 171 1012

95% [MH]⁺ = 146 1013

87% [MH]⁺ = 186

Preparative Example 1014

Step A

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) suspension of commercially available 4-bromo-2-methylbenzoic acid (3.22 g) in MeOH (60 mL) was dropwise added thionyl chloride (3.2 mL). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with H₂O (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a solid (2.94 g, 86%). [MH]⁺=230.

Step B

Using a microwave, a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (1.37 g), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (135 mg) and tributyl(vinyl)tin (2.1 mL) in 1,4-dioxane (15 mL) was heated at 120° C. for 5 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and Florisil® was added. The resulting mixture was allowed to stand for 2 h and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with H₂O and EtOAc. The combined filtrates were washed with H₂O (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (800 mg, 75%). [MH]⁺=177.

Step C

A slow flow of ozone was passed through a cooled (−78° C.) solution of the title compound from Step B above (627 mg) in CHCl₃ (50 mL) over a period of 20 min. The mixture was purged with nitrogen and dimethylsulfide (1 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, allowed to warm to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (570 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=179.

Preparative Example 1015

Step A

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) mixture of commercially available L-prolinamide (25 g), NEt₃ (30 mL) and DMAP (1.9 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.2 L) was added fumaryl chloride (11.7 ml). The ice bath was removed and the resulting dark mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was cooled again to 0-5° C. (ice bath), trifluoroacetic anhydride (77 mL) was dropwise added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 2 d while warming to room temperature. Ice (500 g) was added followed by cautious addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (600 mL). After the evolution of gas had ceased, the organic phase was separated and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (350 mL), H₂O (350 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (28.6 g, 98%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.26 (s, 2H), 4.72-4.83 (m, 2H), 3.73-3.89 (m, 2H), 3.58-3.69 (m, 2H), 2.12-2.30 (m, 8H).

Step B

A slow flow of ozone was passed through a cooled (−78° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (9.6 g) in CHCl₃/MeOH (1:1, 180 mL) over a period of 3 h. The mixture was purged with nitrogen and dimethylsulfide (6 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, allowed to warm to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a ˜9:1 mixture of the corresponding methoxy hemiacetal and the free aldehyde (8.9 g, 69%). ¹H-NMR (D₂O) δ=7.90 (s, 1/10H), 5.50 (s, 9/10H), 4.72-4.81 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.32 (s, 3H), 2.10-2.38 (m, 4H).

Preparative Example 1016

Step A

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) mixture of commercially available thiazolidine (1 g), NEt₃ (780 μL) and DMAP (136 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (56 mL) was added fumaryl chloride (604 μl). The ice bath was removed and the resulting dark mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, filtered and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (2.69 g, 98%). [MH]⁺=259.

Step B

A slow flow of ozone was passed through a cooled (−78° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (833 mg) in CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (1:1, 16 mL) over a period of 45 min. The mixture was purged with nitrogen and dimethylsulfide (1.2 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, allowed to warm to room temperature, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, EtOAc/MeOH) to afford the title compound (293 mg, 23%).

Preparative Example 1017

Step A

Commercially available 4-formyl-benzenesulfonyl chloride (70 mg) was suspended in 1 M aqueous HCl (3 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated to afford the title compound, which was used without further purification.

Preparative Example 1018

Step A

To a solution of commercially available trans-cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (1.5 g) in MeOH (50 mL) was added thionyl chloride (2.3 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h and then concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow liquid (1.79 g, >99%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=3.67 (s, 6H), 3.33-3.43 (m, 2H), 2.11-2.19 (m, 4H).

Preparative Example 1019

Step A

To a solution of commercially available trans-cyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (1.0 g) in MeOH/H₂O (10:1, 7.7 mL) was added KOH (354 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h, diluted with H₂O (40 mL), washed with cyclohexane (2×30 mL), acidified to pH˜1 with a 1M aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×40 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless oil (685 mg, 75%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=3.70 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.27 (m, 2H), 1.43-1.52 (m, 2H).

Preparative Examples 1020-1021

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 1019, except using the bisesters indicated in Table I-48 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-48 Prep. Ex. # bisester product yield 1020

80% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 3.70 (s, 3H), 2.06-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.30-1.40 (m, 1H). 1021

69% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.38-3.48 (m, 2H), 2.15-2.23 (m, 4H).

Preparative Example 1022

Step A

To a suspension of commercially available phthalic acid monomethyl ester (900 mg) in toluene (6 mL) were added DMF (1 drop) and thionyl chloride (2.3 mL). The resulting mixture was heated at 95° C. (temperature of the oil bath) for 1½ h, concentrated and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as a pale yellow oil (964 mg, 97%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=7.81-7.87 (m, 1H), 7.72-7.76 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.64 (m, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H).

Preparative Examples 1023-1026

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 1022, except using the acids indicated in Table I-49 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-49 Prep. Ex. # acid product yield 1023

92% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 8.73 (t, 1H), 8.32 (dt, 1H), 8.27 (dt, 1H), 7.60 (t, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H). 1024

87% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 3.74 (s, 3H), 2.58-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.48 (m, 1H), 1.54-1.70 (m, 2H). 1025

91% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 3.75 (s, 3H), 2.58-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.37 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.40-1.50 (m, 1H). 1026

91% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 3.84 (q, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.84 (q, 1H), 2.10-2.38 (m, 4H).

Preparative Example 1027

Step A

To a solution of commercially available tert.-butylamine (66 μL) in pyridine (3 mL) was added the title compound from the Preparative Example 1024 (100 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated and diluted with EtOAc (40 mL) and H₂O (15 mL). The organic phase was separated, washed with 1M aqueous HCl (15 mL) and H₂O (15 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow oil (67.6 mg, 55%). [MH]⁺=200.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (67.6 mg) in THF/H₂O (1:1, 6 mL) was added a 1M aqueous KOH (680 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Additional 1M aqueous KOH (680 μL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 4 h. The mixture was concentrated, acidified to pH˜1 with a 1M aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a white solid (60 mg, 95%). [MH]⁺=186.

Preparative Examples 1028-1029

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 1027, except using the acids indicated in Table I-50 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-50 Prep. Ex. # acid product yield 1028

59% [MH]⁺ = 174 1029

37% [MH]⁺ = 186

Preparative Example 1030

Step A

To a solution of potassium 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-disilazane (3.29 g) in DMF (40 mL) was added a solution of commercially available (4-bromo-phenyl)-acetic acid ethyl ester (3.6 g) in DMF (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min, before bromoacetaldehyde diethylacetal (3.25 g) was added dropwise. After complete addition the mixture was heated at 45° C. for 1 h, cooled (ice bath), diluted with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (5 mL) and ice water (45 mL) and extracted with cyclohexane (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were concentrated, suspended in H₂O (7.5 mL) and cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath). A 1:1 mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and CHCl₃ (45 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The mixture was poured into a mixture of 1M aqueous K₂CO₃ (115 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) and the pH was adjusted to pH˜7.5 by addition of solid K₂CO₃. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (120 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O (200 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, petroleum ether/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (3.35 g, 79%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=9.77 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.22 (m, 2H), 4.02-4.25 (m, 3H), 3.36 (dd, 1H), 2.78 (dd, 1H), 1.20 (t, 3H).

Preparative Example 1031

Step A

Commercially available phenyl-acetic acid ethyl ester was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 1030, Step A to afford the title compound (88%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=9.78 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.38 (m, 5H), 4.02-4.25 (m, 3H), 3.39 (dd, 1H), 2.80 (dd, 1H), 1.20 (t, 3H).

Preparative Example 1032

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 378, Step A (4 g) was added in portions to an ice cooled mixture of 90% HNO₃ (8 mL) and 65% HNO₃ (4 mL). After complete addition, conc. H₂SO₄ (13.6 mL) was added slowly keeping the reaction temperature below 12° C. After the complete addition, the mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 2 h. The obtained clear yellow solution was then poured onto a mixture of ice (30 g) and H₂O (60 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O (160 mL) and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (4.78 g, 89%). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ=13.50 (s, 1H), 12.58 (s, 1H), 8.52 (d, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (4.78 g) was grinded in a mortar and added at 110-115° C. in portions to neat POBr₃ (40 g). The obtained mixture was stirred at 110-115° C. overnight, cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath) and hydrolyzed by careful addition with ice water (450 mL). The mixture was adjusted to pH˜8 by careful addition of solid NaHCO₃ and then extracted with EtOAc (6×400 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.30 g, 20%). [MH]⁺=243/245. The remaining aqueous phase was acidified (pH ˜1) by addition of 37% HCl. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O and dried in vacuo to afford a solid residue (2.7 g) containing a mixture of the title compound (70%) and the unreacted title compound from Step A (30%).

Step C

To a slurry of a mixture (2.7 g) of the title compound from Step B above (70%) and the title compound from Step A (30%) in MeOH/DMA (60:40, 125 mL) and MeOH (75 ml) was added NEt₃ (3.5 mL). The resulting mixture was sonicated for 25 min while a stream of N₂ was passed through the mixture. Pd(OAc)₂ (130 mg) and dppf (252 mg) were added and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 6.5 bar until the bromo starting material was consumed. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with MeOH. The combined filtrate concentrated in vacuo, coated on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as an orange solid (1 g, 41%). [MH]⁺=223.

Preparative Example 1033

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1032, Step C (832 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 300 mg) in MeOH (80 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 30 min, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a red solid residue (719 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=193.

Preparative Example 1034

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1033, Step A (540 mg), di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (590 mg) and NEt₃ (400 μL) in THF/ACN (1:1, 24 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated, coated on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (300 mg, 32%). [MH]⁺=293.

Preparative Example 1035

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1033, Step A (100 mg), acetyl chloride (32 μL) and NEt₃ (67 μL) in THF/ACN (1:1, 100 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as an orange solid (58.5 mg, 55%). [MH]⁺=235.

Preparative Examples 1036-1039

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 1035, except using the acid chlorides indicated in Table I-51 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-51 Prep. Ex. # acid chloride product yield 1036

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 297 1037

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 355 1038

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 355 1039

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 355

Preparative Example 1040

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1034, Step A (50 mg) in a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then concentrated. The remaining residue was added to solution of NaBH₃CN (25 mg) in THF/MeOH (1:1, 1 mL). To the resulting solution was slowly added a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1030, Step A (50 mg) in THF/MeOH (1:1, 1 mL) over a period of 2 h. Then the mixture was concentrated, diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (23 mg, 28%). [MH]⁺=461/463.

Step B

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (13 mg) in THF (1 mL) was added a 1M solution of tert.-butyl magnesium chloride (60 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 1½ h, diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a brown solid (7 mg, 60%). [MH]⁺=429/431.

Preparative Example 1041

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1034, Step A (150 mg) in THF/ACN/H₂O (1:1:1, 12.9 mL) was added a 1M aqueous KOH (770 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, concentrated and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (162 mg, >99%). [(M-K)H₂]⁺=279.

Preparative Examples 1042-1046

Following a similar procedure as described in the Preparative Example 1041, except using the esters indicated in Table I-52 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE I-52 Prep. Ex. # ester product yield 1042

n.d. [(M − K)H₂]⁺ = 221. 1043

n.d. [(M − K)H₂]⁺ = 283 1044

n.d. [(M − K)H₂]⁺ = 341 1045

n.d. [(M − K)H₂]⁺ = 341 1046

n.d. [(M − K)H₂]⁺ = 401/403

Preparative Example 1047

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1038 (24.6 mg) in THF/ACN/H₂O (1:1:1, 1.8 mL) was added a 1M aqueous KOH (69 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, concentrated and dried in vacuo to afford a ˜1:1 mixture of the carboxylate I ([(M-K)H₂]⁺=341) and the carboxylate II ([(M-K2)H₃]⁺=327).

Preparative Example 1048

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 376, Step E (400 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 279, Step A, except using the title compound from the Preparative Example 7, Step D (500 mg) instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 214, Step A to afford the title compound (287 mg, 33%). [MH]⁺=430.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (287 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 331, Step A to afford the title compound (260 mg, 94%). [MH]+=416.

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (260 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 280, Step A, except using a commercially available 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 138 to afford the title compound (196 mg, 76%). [MH]⁺=415.

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (196 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step D to afford the title compound (113 mg, 61%). [MH]⁺=397.

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (113 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step E to afford the title compound (110 mg, 98%). [MH]⁺=409.

Preparative Example 1049

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 376, Step E (2.93 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 279, Step A, except using the title compound from the Preparative Example 161 (3.35 g) instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 214, Step A to afford the title compound (1.89 g, 36%). [MH]⁺=361.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (1.89 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 331, Step A to afford the crude title compound (2.0 g). [MH]⁺=347.

Step C

The crude title compound from Step B above (2.0 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 280, Step A, except using a commercially available 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 138 to afford the crude title compound (5.0 g). [MH]⁺=346.

Step D

The crude title compound from Step C above (4.6 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step D to afford the title compound (233 mg, 5% over 3 steps). [MH]⁺=328.

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (233 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step E to afford the title compound (245 mg, 96%). [MH]⁺=340.

Preparative Example 1050

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 376, Step E (1.19 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 279, Step A, except using commercially available 4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-benzylamine instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 214, Step A to afford the title compound (1.42 g, 64%). [MH]⁺=376.

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (1.42 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 331, Step A to afford the crude title compound (1.36 g, 99%). [MH]⁺=347.

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (1.36 g) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 280, Step A, except using a commercially available 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 138 to afford the crude title compound (969 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=361.

Step D

The crude title compound from Step C above (969 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step D to afford the title compound (152 mg, 24%). [MH]⁺=343.

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (110 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step E to afford the title compound (123 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=355.

Preparative Example 1051

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 377, Step D (22 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 377, Step E, except using commercially available methylhydrazine instead of hydrazine to afford the title compound (26 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=335.

Example 1

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 335 (40 mg) in DMF (2 mL) were added the title compound from the Preparative Example 4, Step B (34 mg), PyBOP (84 mg) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (46 μL). The mixture was stirred overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (23 mg, 40%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ=10.50 (br d, 1H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.85 (s, 1H), 8.30 (br t, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, 2H), 7.40 (d, 2H), 7.25-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.95 (m, 1H), 5.80 (m, 1H), 4.65 (d, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.20-2.70 (m, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.20-2.00 (m, 1H).

Example 2

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 373, Step A (30 mg) and the title compound from the Preparative Example 228, Step A (30 mg) in DMF (3 mL) were added N-methylmorpholine (40 μL), EDCI (25 mg) and HOAt (13 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated NaHCO₃, 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (35 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=553.

Example 3

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 331, Step A (31 mg) and the title compound from the Preparative Example 218, Step D (27 mg) in DMF (5 mL) were added N-methylmorpholine (13 μL), HATU (57 mg) and HOAt (16 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (57 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=520.

Example 4

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 349 (21.5 mg) in DMF (3 mL) were added cyclohexanemethylamine (30 μL), PyBrOP (29 mg) and HOAt (8 mg). The mixture was stirred over the weekend and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (11.9 mg, 46%). [MH]⁺=543.

Example 5

Step A

To a mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 324, Step A (106 mg), DMF (20 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL) at 0° C. was added oxalyl chloride (116 μL). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 45 min and concentrated. The resulting residue was brought up in CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL) and canulated into a mixture of the title compound from the Preparative Example 176, Step A (75 mg) and NEt₃ (122 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h and concentrated. The remaining solid was washed with MeOH (10 mL). The supernatant was concentrated and the resulting solid was washed with MeOH (10 mL). The yellow solids were combined to give the title compound (51 mg, 33%). [M-H]⁻=588.

Example 6

Step A

To a mixture of N-cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methyl-polystyrene (43 mg) in DMF (100 μL) were added a 0.2M solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 331, Step A in DMF (150 μL) and a 0.5M solution of HOBt in DMF (60 μL). The mixture was agitated for 30 min, then a 0.5M solution of (1,1-dioxidotetrahydrothien-3-yl)-methylamine in DMF (54 μL) was added and agitation at room temperature was continued for 12 h. The mixture was filtered, concentrated and dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (200 μL). (Polystyrylmethyl)-trimethylammonium bicarbonate (16 mg) was added and the mixture was agitated at room temperature for 2 h. Filtration and concentration afforded the title compound (13.1 mg, 95%). [MH]⁺=461.

Example 7

Step A

To a mixture of polystyrene-IIDQ (131 mg) in DMF (800 μL) were added the title compound from the Preparative Example 331, Step A (39 mg) and a 0.5M solution of commercially available 4-aminomethyl-benzoic acid (40 mg). The mixture was agitated for 24 h, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (40 mg, 73%). [MH]⁺=463.

Examples 8-277

Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 1 (method A), 2 (method B), 3 (method C), 4 (method D), 5 (method E), 6 (method F) or 7 (method G), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table II-1 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-1 Ex. # acid, amine product method, yield 8

B, 90% [MH]⁺ = 579 9

B, 80% [MH]⁺ = 644 10

B, 86% [MH]⁺ = 698 11

B, >99% [MH]⁺ = 645 12

B, 98% [MH]⁺ = 542 13

B, >99% [MH]⁺ = 594 14

B, 95% [MH]⁺ = 582 15

B, >99% [MH]⁺ = 596 16

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 577 17

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 560 18

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 566 19

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 536 20

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 536 21

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 591 22

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 556 23

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 596 24

B, 92% [MH]⁺ = 483 25

B, 85% [MH]⁺ = 502 26

B, 79% [MH]⁺ = 606 27

B, 88% [MH]⁺ = 592 28

B, 95% [MH]⁺ = 599 29

B, 18% [MH]⁺ = 489 30

B, 95% [MH]⁺ = 595 31

B, 41% [MH]⁺ = 385 32

B, 87% [MH]⁺ = 539 33

B, 45% [MH]⁺ = 507 34

B, 77% [MH]⁺ = 481 35

B, 65% [MH]⁺ = 399 36

B, 35% [MH]⁺ = 413 37

B, 97% [MH]⁺ = 547 38

B, 84% [MH]⁺ = 581 39

B, 81% [MH]⁺ = 612 40

B, 85% [MH]⁺ = 578 41

B, n.d. % [MH]⁺ = 554 42

B, 68% [MH]⁺ = 560 43

C, 95% [MH]⁺ = 543 44

C, 56% [MH]⁺ = 468 45

D, >99% [MH]⁺ = 557 46

D, 47% [MH]⁺ = 590 47

D, >99% [MH]⁺ = 521 48

D, >99% [MH]⁺ = 507 49

D, 76% [MH]⁺ = 501 50

D, >99% [MH]⁺ = 519 51

D, 30% [MH]⁺ = 501 52

D, 77% [MH]⁺ = 594 53

C, 62% [MNa]⁺ = 661 54

C, 76% [MH]⁺ = 636 55

C, 85% [MH]⁺ = 582 56

C, 77% [MH]⁺ = 557 57

C, 91% [MNa]⁺ = 562 58

C, 85% [M-Boc]⁺ = 412 59

C, 98% [M-Boc]⁺ = 412 60

C, 92% [MH]⁺ = 468 61

C, 71% [MH]⁺ = 482 62

C, 86% [MH]⁺ = 496 63

C, 75% [MH]⁺ = 483 64

C, 81% [MH]⁺ = 566 65

C, 97% [MH]⁺ = 580 66

C, 87% [MH]⁺ = 544 67

C, 88% [MH]⁺ = 598 68

C, 71% [MH]⁺ = 530 69

E, 23% [MH]⁺ = 517 70

E, 39% [MH]⁺ = 517 71

E, 82% [MH]⁺ = 441 72

E, 59% [MH]⁺ = 557 73

E, 21% [MH]⁺ = 523 74

E, 73% [MH]⁺ = 576 75

E, 73% [MH]⁺ = 576 76

E, 38% [MH]⁺ = 596 77

E, 33% [M − H]⁻ = 588 78

E, 40% [M − H]⁻ = 588 79

E, 30% [M − H]⁻ = 568 80

E, 42% [M − H]⁻ = 568 81

E, 42% [M − H]⁻ = 588 82

E, 26% [M − H]⁻ = 554 83

E, 60% (over 2 steps), [M − H]⁻ = 556 84

E, 11% (over 2 steps), [M − H]⁻ = 556 85

C, 77% [MH]⁺ = 483 86

C, 66% [MH]⁺ = 483 87

C, >99% [MH]⁺ = 614 88

C, >99% [MH]⁺ = 612 89

C, 48% [MNa]⁺ = 634 90

C, 54% [MH]⁺ = 410 91

F, 87% [MH]⁺ = 397 92

F, >99% [MH]⁺ = 399 93

F, 61% [MH]⁺ = 441 94

F, 67% [MH]⁺ = 409 95

F, 40% [MH]⁺ = 437 96

F, 36% [MH]⁺ = 433 97

F, 54% [MH]⁺ = 463 98

F, 52% [MH]⁺ = 437 99

F, 48% [MH]⁺ = 437 100

F, 51% [MH]⁺ = 420 101

F, 56% [MH]⁺ = 459 102

F, 56% [MH]⁺ = 518 103

F, 23% [MH]⁺ = 504 104

F, 68% [MH]⁺ = 439 105

F, 56% [MH]⁺ = 439 106

F, 95% [MH]⁺ = 465 107

F, 93% [MH]⁺ = 447 108

G, 87% [MH]⁺ = 451 109

G, >99% [MH]⁺ = 462 110

G, 99% [MH]⁺ = 425 111

G, 85% [MH]⁺ = 426 112

F, 64% [MH]⁺ = 439 113

F, 97% [MH]⁺ = 447 114

G, 94% [MH]⁺ = 427 115

G, 26% [MH]⁺ = 491 116

G, 40% [MH]⁺ = 505 117

C, 54% [MH]⁺ = 411 118

C, 86% [MH]⁺ = 437 119

C, 21% [MH]⁺ = 477 120

C, 57% [MH]⁺ = 454 121

C, 31% [MH]⁺ = 544 122

C, 66% [MH]⁺ = 518 123

C, 26% [MH]⁺ = 518 124

C, 14% [MH]⁺ = 494 125

C, 41% [MH]⁺ = 483 126

C, 75% [MH]⁺ = 450 127

C, 78% [MH]⁺ = 507 128

C, 61% [MH]⁺ = 507 129

C, 75% [MH]⁺ = 483 130

C, 59% [MH]⁺ = 497 131

C, 52% [MH]⁺ = 503 132

C, 31% [MH]⁺ = 527 133

C, 77% [MH]⁺ = 527 134

C, 26% [MH]⁺ = 544 135

C, 51% [MH]⁺ = 598 136

C, 33% [MH]⁺ = 546 137

C, 80% [MH]⁺ = 483 138

C, 72% [MH]⁺ = 483 139

C, 48% [MH]⁺ = 532 140

C, 83% [MH]⁺ = 608 141

C, 94% [MH]⁺ = 609 142

C, 80% [MH]⁺ = 623 143

C, 78% [MH]⁺ = 637 144

C, 90% [MH]⁺ = 593 145

C, 59% [MH]⁺ = 607 146

C, 30% [MH]⁺ = 564 147

C, 76% [MH]⁺ = 554 148

C, 64% [MH]⁺ = 597 149

C, 84% [MH]⁺ = 597 150

C, 78% [MH]⁺ = 597 151

C, 49% [MH]⁺ = 566 152

C, 75% [M-“indene”]⁺ = 362 153

C, 82% [MH]⁺ = 495 154

C, 29% [MH]⁺ = 553 155

C, 26% [MH]⁺ = 496 156

C, 56% [MH]⁺ = 518 157

C, 5% [MH]⁺ = 514 158

C, 52% [MH]⁺ = 506 159

C, 38% [MH]⁺ = 610 160

C, 19% [MH]⁺ = 702 161

C, 25% [MH]⁺ = 549/551 162

C, 48% [MH]⁺ = 504 163

C, 41% [MH]⁺ = 546 164

C, 48% [MH]⁺ = 509 165

C, 55% [MH]⁺ = 528 166

C, 20% [MH]⁺ = 528 167

C, 71% [MH]⁺ = 508 168

C, 72% [MH]⁺ = 526 169

C, 41% [MH]⁺ = 565 170

C, 68% [MH]⁺ = 512 171

C, 72% [MH]⁺ = 530 172

C, 78% [MH]⁺ = 580 173

C, 79% [MH]⁺ = 512 174

C, 75% [MH]⁺ = 596 175

C, 83% [MH]⁺ = 560 176

C, 82% [MH]⁺ = 578 177

C, 21% [MH]⁺ = 546 178

C, 15% [MH]⁺ = 580 179

E, 21% [M − H]⁻ = 515 180

E, 23% [M − H]⁻ = 529 181

E, 24% [M − H]⁻ = 529 182

E, 11% [M − H]⁻ = 526 183

E, 34% [MH]⁺ = 507 184

E, 52% [MH]⁺ = 563 185

E, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 644 186

E, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 644 187

E, 57% [M − H]⁻ = 628 188

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 627 189

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 597 190

D, 72% [MH]⁺ = 628 191

A, 54% [MH]⁺ = 612 192

A, 27% [MH]⁺ = 578 193

A, 28% [MH]⁺ = 612 194

A, 33% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 10.50 (br d, 1 H), 9.00 (s, 1 H), 8.85 (s, 1 H), 8.35 (br t, 1 H), 8.00 (s, 1 H), 7.95 (d, 1 H), 7.25-7.00 (m, 2 H), 7.00-6.90 (m, 1 H), 5.80 (m, 1 H), 4.65 (br d, 2 H), 3.90 (s, 3 H), 3.20-2.70 (m, 3 H), 2.25 (s, 3 H), 2.20-2.00 (m, 1 H). 195

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 594/596 196

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 528/530 197

A, 43% [MH]⁺ = 558 198

C, 66% [MH]⁺ = 562 199

C, 44% [MH]⁺ = 562 200

C, 48% [MH]⁺ = 613 201

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 550 202

C, 65% [MH]⁺ = 523/525 203

C, 52% [MH]⁺ = 543/545 204

C, 54% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 10.25 (br d, 1 H), 8.60 (s, 1 H), 8.10 (m, 1 H), 8.00 (d, 1 H), 7.60 (d, 1 H), 7.30 (d, 1 H), 7.20-7.10 (m, 2 H), 7.10-7.00 (m, 1 H), 5.70 (m, 1 H), 4.55 (d, 2 H), 3.10-2.60 (m, 3 H), 2.40 (s, 9 H), 2.00-1.90 (m, 1 H). 205

C, 70% [MH]⁺ = 595 206

C, 79% [MH]⁺ = 599 207

C, 55% [MH]⁺ = 522 208

C, 59% [MH]⁺ = 536 209

C, 63% [MH]⁺ = 598 210

C, 32% [M-“indene”]⁺ = 398 211

C, 66% [MH]⁺ = 623 212

C, 61% [MH]⁺ = 571 213

C, 86% [MH]⁺ = 585 214

E, 60% [M − H]⁻ = 520 215

E, 65% [M − H]⁻ = 520 216

E, 49% [MH]⁺ = 539/541 217

E, 90% [MH]⁺ = 533 218

E, 80% [MH]⁺ = 550 219

C, 45% [MH]⁺ = 452 220

C, 43% [MH]⁺ = 461 221

C, 46% [MH]⁺ = 572 222

C, 47% [MH]⁺ = 586 223

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 569 224

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 517 225

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 459 226

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 546 227

C, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 584 228

C, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 669 229

C, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 696 230

C, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 624 231

C, 60% (over 2 steps), [MH]⁺ = 517 232

A, 51% [MH]⁺ = 530 233

A, 7% (over 2 steps), [MH]⁺ = 451 234

A, 20% (over 2 steps), [MH]⁺ = 451 235

E, 35% [M − H]⁻ = 502 236

E, 29% [M − H]⁻ = 488 237

A, 98% [MH]⁺ = 471 238

A, 16% [MH]⁺ = 517 239

E, 52% [MNa]⁺ = 566 240

E, 31% [M − H]⁻ = 576 241

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 599 242

E, 51% [MH]⁺ = 533 243

E, 50% [MH]⁺ = 462 244

E, 40% [MH]⁺ = 428 245

E, 30% [MH]⁺ = 469 246

E, 10% [MH]⁺ = 426 247

E, 34% [MH]⁺ = 442 248

E, 20% [MH]⁺ = 468 249

E, 30% [MH]⁺ = 456 250

E, 25% [MH]⁺ = 424 251

E, 30% [MH]⁺ = 468 252

E, 34% [MH]⁺ = 525 253

E, 18% [MH]⁺ = 516 254

E, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 579 255

E, 42% [MH]⁺ = 444 256

E, 70% [MH]⁺ = 630 257

C, 10% [MH]⁺ = 518 258

C, 29% [MH]⁺ = 518 259

C, 96% [MH]⁺ = 564 260

C, 91% [MH]⁺ = 547 261

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 597 262

C, 93% [MH]⁺ = 547 263

C, 81% [MH]⁺ = 529 264

C, 86% [MH]⁺ = 529 265

C, 76% [MH]⁺ = 545 266

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 543 267

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 543 268

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 537 269

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 537 270

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 557 271

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 595 272

C, 38% [MH]⁺ = 540 273

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 537 274

C, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 584 275

C, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 602 276

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 594 277

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 614

Example 278

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 315 (67 mg) in anhydrous DMF (500 μL) was added a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 229, Step D (75 mg). The resulting mixture was heated at 60° C. for 15 h, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the desired title compound (39 mg, 41%). [MH]⁺=491.

Examples 279-284

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 278, except using the esters and amines indicated in Table II-2 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-2 Ex. # ester, amine product yield 279

47% [MH]⁺ = 477 280

48% [MH]⁺ = 462 281

43% [MH]⁺ = 439 282

60% [MH]⁺ = 552 283

50% [MH]⁺ = 458 284

53% [MH]⁺ = 442

Example 285

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 244, Step A (200 mg) in anhydrous DMF (2 mL) was added commercially available 4-fluoro-3-methyl-benzylamine (120 mg). The resulting mixture was heated at 60° C. for 24 h, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the title compound (30 mg, 8%). [MH]⁺=452.

Example 286

Step A

A mixture of the title compound Preparative Example 330, Step A (203 mg) and commercially available 3-chloro-4-fluorobenzylamine (160 mg) in dry DMF (3 mL) was heated to 70° C. overnight and concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (111 mg, 29%). [MH]⁺=492.

Example 287

Step A

A solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 331, Step A (26 mg) in a 7M solution of NH₃ in MeOH (1 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The formed precipitate was isolated by filtration to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (8.6 mg, 34%). [MH]⁺=329.

Example 288

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 294 (9.7 mg) and commercially available 4-aminomethyl-phenylamine (10 mg) were dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one (0.5 mL). The mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 160° C. (microwave) for 15 min, diluted with EtOAc, washed with aqueous LiCl, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (9.6 mg, 84%). [M-H]⁻=540.

Example 289

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 294 (154 mg) and commercially available 3-aminomethyl-phenylamine (57 mg) were dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one (3 mL). The mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 160° C. (microwave) for 55 min, diluted with EtOAc, washed with aqueous LiCl, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (110 mg, 84%). [M-H]⁻=540.

Example 290

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 289, Step A (19.1 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) were successively added pyridine (0.1 mL) and methanesulfonyl chloride (8.1 mg). The mixture was stirred for 1 d, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (13.1 mg, 60%). [M-H]⁻=618.

Example 291

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 342 (51 mg) in THF (5 mL) were added the title compound from the Preparative Example 149, EDCI (53 mg), HOBt (38 mg) and K₂CO₃ (44 mg). The mixture was stirred for 16 h, absorbed on silica (500 mg) and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a solid (79.3 mg, 92%). [M-H]⁻=616.

Example 292

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 291, Step A (50 mg) in MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, 2 mL) was added hydrazine (26 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 d, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid. (37.1 mg, 74%). [M-H]⁻=615.

Example 293

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 179 (2.5 mg) in toluene/MeOH (3:1, 2 mL) was added a 2M solution of (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane in Et₂O (portions à 10 μL) until complete consumption of the starting material. The mixture was concentrated and then triturated with Et₂O (4×) to give the title compound as a yellow solid (1.0 mg, 40%). [M-H]⁻=529.

Example 294

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Example 196 (52 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 20 mg) in MeOH/EtOAc (1:1, 4 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 18 h, filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (19 mg, 43%). [MH]⁺=450.

Example 295

Step A

Under an argon atmosphere a mixture of commercially available 2-chloro-6-methyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (9.38 g) and selenium dioxide (8.93 g) in 1,4-dioxane (50 mL) was stirred at 105° C. for 12 h. The mixture was filtered twice through Celite®, the filter cake was rinsed with 1,4-dioxane (2×100 mL) and the combined filtrates were concentrated to afford the title compound as viscous orange oil (8.0 g, 74%). [MH]⁺=217.

Step B

To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step A above (900 mg) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) were subsequently and slowly added oxalyl chloride (870 μL) and DMF (3 drops). The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until gas evolution ceased. The mixture was then concentrated and diluted with CH₂Cl₂. Pyridine (340 μL) and commercially available 4-fluoro-3-methylbenzylamine (530 μL) were added subsequently and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Filtration, absorption onto silica and purification by chromatography (silica, hexane/EtOAc) afforded the title compound as a yellow solid (670 mg, 48%). [MH]⁺=338.

Step C

To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step B above (670 mg) in THF (20 mL) was slowly added 1M aqueous LiOH (3.98 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h, quenched with 1M aqueous HCl (4.0 mL), warmed to room temperature and concentrated. The remaining residue was triturated with THF, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as an orange solid. [MH]⁺=324.

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (256 mg), commercially available 4-aminomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (160 mg), PyBOP (800 mg) and NEt₃ (202 μL) were dissolved in THF/DMF (2:1, 15 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂acetone) to afford the title compound (196 mg, 44%). [MH]⁺=570.

Step E

To a stirred solution of the title compound from Step D above (50 mg) in anhydrous THF (5 mL) was added hydrazine hydrate (40 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) and cooled to 0° C. A 20% solution of phosgene in toluene (500 μL) was added, the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Concentration afforded the crude title compound as a mixture of two isomers, which was used without further purification. [MH]⁺=493.

Step F

To a solution of the title compound from Step E above (30 mg) in THF/MeOH (2:1, 1.5 mL) was added 1N aqueous LiOH (0.2 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, adjusted to pH 4.5 with 2N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a mixture of two isomers (3 mg, 8% over 2 steps). [MH]⁺=479.

Example 296

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 331, Step A (329 mg) in DMF (10 mL) were successively added HATU (427 mg), HOAt (153 mg), commercially available trans-(4-aminomethyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (291 mg) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (191 μL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. Additional HATU (427 mg), trans-(4-aminomethyl-cyclohexyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (291 mg) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (191 μL) were successively added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with 0.01N aqueous HCl (3×100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄) and filtered. The filter cake was rinsed with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (95:5, 500 mL) and the combined filtrates were concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (493 mg, 91%). [MNa]⁺=562.

Step B

To a suspension of the title compound from Step A above (436 mg) in EtOAc (3.22 mL) was added a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (3.22 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2½ h, diluted with MeOH (10 mL), concentrated, suspended in CH₃CN/MeOH (4:1, 20 mL) and concentrated again to afford the title compound (384 mg, 99%). [M-Cl]⁺=440.

Examples 297-299

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 296, Step B, except using the protected amines indicated in Table II-3 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-3 Ex. # protected amine product yield 297

>99% [M − Cl]⁺ = 426 298

  98% [M − Cl]⁺ = 412 298

  98% [M − Cl]⁺ = 412

Example 299

Step A

To a suspension of the title compound from the Example 296, Step B (23.8 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) were added a 1M solution of acetyl chloride in dry CH₂Cl₂ (50 μL) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (26.1 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a beige/white solid (24.1 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=482.

Examples 300-309

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 299, except using the amines and the acid chlorides indicated in Table II-4 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-4 Ex. # amine, acid chloride product yield 300

92% [MH]⁺ = 524 301

99% [MH]⁺ = 518 302

73% [MH]⁺ = 468 303

75% [MH]⁺ = 504 304

97% [MH]⁺ = 454 305

94% [MH]⁺ = 490 306

89% [MH]⁺ = 454 307

95% [MH]⁺ = 490 308

71% [MH]⁺ = 544 309

83% [MH]⁺ = 519

Example 310

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 298 (22.4 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (500 μL) were added ^(i)Pr₂NEt (17.4 μL) and sulfamide (10.8 mg). The resulting reaction mixture was heated in a sealed tube to 140° C. (microwave) for 2 h, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (11.7 mg, 48%). [MH]⁺=491.

Example 311

Step A

To a suspension of the title compound from the Example 296, Step B (23.8 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (500 μL) was added KOtBu (6.4 mg). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min, then ^(i)PrOH (50 μL) and trimethylsilyl isocyanate (13.9 μL) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 19 h. The mixture was diluted with MeOH (5 mL), concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (15 mg, 62%). [MH]⁺=483.

Example 312

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 296, Step B (20 mg) in DMF (2.5 mL) were successively added ^(i)Pr₂NEt (15 μL) and 2-iodoethanol (3.5 μL). Using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed vial at 100° C. for 10 min. The mixture was concentrated and dissolved in dry THF (1 mL). Methyl N-(triethylammoniosulfonyl) carbamate [“Burgess reagent”] (27 mg) was added and using a microwave, the mixture was heated in a sealed vial at 130° C. for 7 min. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded the title compound as a colorless solid (1.7 mg, 6%). [MH]⁺=603.

Example 313

Step A

To a suspension of the title compound from the Example 297 (23.1 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (500 μL) was added KO^(t)Bu (6.4 mg). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min, then ^(i)PrOH (50 μL) and trimethylsilyl isocyanate (13.9 μL) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 16 h. The mixture was diluted with MeOH (5 mL), concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (10 mg, 43%). [MH]⁺=469.

Example 314

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 25 (43.9 mg) in THF (10 mL) was added a solution of LiOH (18 mg) in H₂O (10 mL). The solution was stirred for 5 h, acidified, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a bright yellow solid (16.4 mg, 38%). [MH]⁺=488.

Example 315

Step A

Using a microwave, a mixture of the title compound from the Example 5 (51 mg) and trimethyltin hydroxide (236 mg) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) in a sealed vial was stirred at 160° C. for 1 h. The contents were loaded onto a silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give a yellow solid (18 mg, 35%). [M-H]⁻=574.

Examples 316-361

Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 314 (method A) or 315 (method B), except using the esters indicated in Table II-5 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-5 method, Ex. # ester product yield 316

A, 60% [MH]⁺ = 576 317

A, 8% [MH]⁺ = 525 318

B, 40% [MH]⁺ = 533 319

B, 54% [MH]⁺ = 564 320

B, 40% [MH]⁺ = 546 321

A, 60% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 10.50 (br d, 1 H), 9.00 (s, 1 H), 8.90 (s, 1 H), 8.25 (d, 1 H), 7.95 (s, 1 H), 7.90 (d, 1 H), 7.35 (d, 1 H), 7.25-7.10 (m, 2 H), 7.00 (m, 1 H), 5.75 (m, 1 H), 4.70 (d, 2 H), 3.20- 2.80 (m, 3 H), 2.25 (s, 3 H), 2.25-2.00 (m, 1 H). 322

A, 31% [MH]⁺ = 488 323

A, 37% [MH]⁺ = 533 324

B, 66% [M − H]⁻ = 506 325

B, 71% [M − H]⁻ = 506 326

B, 70% [M − H]⁻ = 531 327

B, 82% [M − H]⁻ = 522 328

B, 45% [MH]⁺ = 503 329

B, 18% [MH]⁺ = 622 330

B, 15% [MH]⁺ = 543 331

B, 14% [M − H]⁻ = 501 332

B, 50% [MH]⁺ = 477 333

B, 32% [MH]⁺ = 463 334

A, 86% [MH]⁺ = 504 335

A, 51% [MH]⁺ = 504 336

B, 34% [M − H]⁻ = 574 337

B, 46% [M − H]⁻ = 554 338

B, 29% [M − H]⁻ = 554 339

B, 45% [M − H]⁻ = 540 340

B, 44% [M − H]⁻ = 540 341

B, 52% [MH]⁺ = 532 342

B, 42% [MH]⁺ = 495 343

B, 40% [MH]⁺ = 514 344

B, 35% [MH]⁺ = 494 345

B, 43% [MH]⁺ = 512 346

B, 39% [MH]⁺ = 551 347

B, 21% [MH]⁺ = 481 348

B, 41% [MH]⁺ = 498 349

B, 39% [MH]⁺ = 516 350

B, 32% [MH]⁺ = 566 351

B, 37% [MH]⁺ = 498 352

B, 44% [MH]⁺ = 582 353

B, 42% [MH]⁺ = 546 354

B, 46% [MH]⁺ = 564 355

B, 15% [MH]⁺ = 532 356

A, 11% [MH]⁺ = 504 357

B, 10% [MH]⁺ = 504 358

B, 68% [MH]⁺ = 489 359

B, 66% [MH]⁺ = 469 360

B, 94% [MH]⁺ = 469 361

B, 95% [MH]⁺ = 469

Example 362

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 184 (109 mg) in THF (4 mL) were added morpholine (0.17 mL) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (23.8 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3/2 h, diluted with a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (490 μL) and concentrated. The remaining residue was purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) and preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the title compound as a yellow solid (39.4 mg, 39%). [M-H]⁻=521.

Examples 363-435

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 362, except using the esters indicated in Table II-6 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-6 Ex. # ester 363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

Ex. # product yield 363

53% [M − H]⁻ = 588 364

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 609 365

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 557 366

42% [MH]⁺ = 573 367

42% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 550 368

37% [MH]⁺ = 555 369

48% [MH]⁺ = 558 370

90% [MH]⁺ = 572 371

49% [MH]⁺ = 583 372

59% [MNa]⁺ = 553 373

40% [MNa]⁺ = 567 374

37% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 529 375

20% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 477 376

34% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 419 377

29% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 506 378

90% [MH]⁺ = 579 379

90% [MH]⁺ = 579 380

41% [MH]⁺ = 604 381

77% [MH]⁺ = 658 382

71% [MH]⁺ = 605 383

67% [MH]⁺ = 502 384

75% [MH]⁺ = 554 385

18% [MH]⁺ = 542 386

62% [MH]⁺ = 556 387

33% [MH]⁺ = 537 388

69% [MH]⁺ = 520 389

22% [MH]⁺ = 526 390

8% [MH]⁺ = 496 391

77% [MH]⁺ = 496 392

71% [MH]⁺ = 551 393

65% [MH]⁺ = 516 394

46% [MH]⁺ = 556 395

98% [MH]⁺ = 559 396

80% [MH]⁺ = 554 397

58% [MH]⁺ = 541 398

90% [MH]⁺ = 572 399

95% [MH]⁺ = 554 400

77% [MH]⁺ = 621 401

68% [MH]⁺ = 542 402

86% [MH]⁺ = 536 403

87% [MH]⁺ = 556 404

50% [MH]⁺ = 524 405

45% [MH]⁺ = 507 406

30% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 557 407

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 507 408

90% [MH]⁺ = 489 409

78% [MH]⁺ = 489 410

86% [MH]⁺ = 505 411

57% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 503 412

57% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 503 413

20% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 497 414

29% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 497 415

36% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 517 416

19% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 555 417

7% (over 2 steps) 8 MH]⁺ = 497 418

82% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 554 419

82% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 614 420

40% [M − H]⁻ = 588 421

60% [MH]⁺ = 540 422

94% [MH]⁺ = 574 423

98% [MH]⁺ = 572 424

45% [MH]⁺ = 568 425

20% [MH]⁺ = 569 426

51% [MH]⁺ = 583 427

15% [MH]⁺ = 597 428

24% [MH]⁺ = 553 429

31% [MH]⁺ = 567 430

>99% [MH]⁺ = 524 431

46% [MH]⁺ = 514 432

64% [MH]⁺ = 557 433

78% [MH]⁺ = 557 434

65% [MH]⁺ = 557 435

71% [MH]⁺ = 526

Example 436

Step A

A solution of the title compound from the Example 83 (20 mg) in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid (100 μL) and CH₂Cl₂ (100 μL) was stirred for 30 min and then concentrated. The remaining residue was washed with Et₂O (200 μL) to give a yellow solid (17 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=502.

Examples 437-464

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 436, except using the esters as indicated in Table II-7 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-7 Ex. # ester 437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

Ex. # product yield 437

n.d. [M − H]⁻ = 586 438

n.d. [M − H]⁻ = 586 439

95% [MH]⁺ = 572 440

89% [MH]⁺ = 522 441

98% [MH]⁺ = 556 442

35% [MH]⁺ = 506 443

98% [MH]⁺ = 506 444

96% [MH]⁺ = 540 445

74% [MH]⁺ = 502 446

96% [MH]⁺ = 486 447

79% [M − H]⁻ = 562 448

56% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 506 449

63% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 590 450

32% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 618 451

10% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 546 452

90% [MH]⁺ = 550 453

90% [MH]⁺ = 536 454

73% [M − H]⁻ = 488 455

53% [M − H]⁻ = 501 456

36% [MH]⁺ = 477 457

50% [MH]⁺ = 523 458

50% [MH]⁺ = 496 459

67% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 506 460

65% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 524 461

56% [MH]⁺ = 502 462

83% [M − H]⁻ = 520 463

>99% [MH]⁺ = 556 464

>99% [M-“indene”]⁺ = 362

Example 465

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 360 (50 mg) in THF (1.5 mL) was added N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (26 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, then a 0.5M solution of NH₃ in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 2 h. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded the title compound as a colorless solid (29 mg, 60%). [MH]⁺=468.

Step A

The title compound from the Example 361 (45 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 465, Step A to afford the title compound (21 mg, 48%). [MH]⁺=468.

Example 467

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Example 321 (10 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 5 mg) in EtOH was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 5 h, filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CHCl₃/MeOH) to afford the title compound (1 mg, 10%). [MH]⁺=503.

Example 468

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 381 (26 mg) in DMF (3 mL) was added morpholine (80 μL), EDCI (10 mg) and HOAt (5 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, 1N aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (9.9 mg, 34%). [MH]⁺=727.

Example 469

Step A

In a sealed vial was a mixture of the title compound from the Example 3, Step A (54 mg), dibutyltin oxide (15 mg) and azidotrimethylsilane (400 μL) in toluene (10 mL) under an argon atmosphere heated at 110° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with MeOH, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to give the title compound as an off-white solid (8.6 mg, 15%). [MH]⁺=563.

Examples 470-477

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 469, except using the nitrites indicated in Table II-8 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-8 Ex. # nitrile 470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

Ex. # product yield 470

74% [MH]⁺ = 526 471

34% [MH]⁺ = 600 472

38% [MH]⁺ = 564 473

40% [MH]⁺ = 550 474

55% [MH]⁺ = 514 475

27% [MH]⁺ = 487 476

46% [MH]⁺ = 485 477

53% [MH]⁺ = 583

Example 478

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 477 (80 mg) in DMF (3 mL) were added iodomethane (9 μL) and K₂CO₃ (19 mg) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Additional iodomethane (8 μL) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, EtOAc) to afford the major isomer (30 mg, 37%) and the minor isomer (15 mg, 18%) of the title compound. [MH]⁺=597.

Example 479

Step A

To a stirring solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 377, Step E (9 mg) in MeOH (3 mL) were added AcOH (a few drops), a 1M solution of commercially available 4-fluorobenzaldehyde in MeOH (30 μL) and NaBH(OAc)₃ (5 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (5 mg, 42%). [MH]⁺=429.

Example 480-482

Following similar procedures as described in the Example 479, except using the aldehydes indicated in Table II-9 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-9 Ex. # aldehyde product yield 480

>99% [MH]⁺ = 455 481

63% [MH]⁺ = 455 482

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 417

Example 483

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 379, Step G (7 mg) in anhydrous pyridine (1 mL) was added Ac₂O (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, concentrated and slurried in MeOH. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to afford the title compound as a brown solid (5.1 mg, 64%). [MH]⁺=381.

Example 484

Step A

A stirring solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 377, Step G (9 mg) in MeOH/H₂O/THF (3:2:1, 6 mL) was adjusted to pH 6 with 3M aqueous NaOAc. 4-Formylbenzoic acid (6 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaBH₃CN (5 mg) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued overnight. The mixture was concentrated and diluted with 0.1N aqueous HCl (5 mL). The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 0.1N aqueous HCl (8 mL) and dried to afford the title compound as an orange solid (7.8 mg, 61%). [MH]⁺=473.

Example 485

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 377, Step G (9 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 484, except using cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (0.04 mL) instead of 4-formylbenzoic acid to afford the title compound as a reddish glass (6.5 mg, 45%). [MH]⁺=531.

Examples 486-504

Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 1 (method A), 2 (method B), 3 (method C), 4 (method D), 5 (method E), 6 (method F) or 7 (method G), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table II-10 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-10 Ex. # acid, amine 486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

494

495

496

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

method, Ex. # product yield 486

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 526 487

B, 34% [MH]⁺ = 739 488

B, 75% [MH]⁺ = 738 489

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 1015 490

B, 31% [MH]⁺ = 491 491

C, 77% [MH]⁺ = 562 492

C, 69% [MH]⁺ = 494 493

C, 71% [MH]⁺ = 542 494

C, 69% [MH]⁺ = 560 495

C, 54% [MH]⁺ = 545 496

C, 55% [MH]⁺ = 563 497

C, 90% [MH]⁺ = 529 498

C, 90% [MH]⁺ = 495 499

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 522 500

C, 33% [M-“indene”]⁺ = 408 501

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 571 502

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 612 503

C, 40% [MNa]⁺ = 618 504

C, 40% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 10.34 (d, 1 H), 8.69 (s, 1 H), 8.08 (t, 1 H), 8.06 (d, 1 H), 7.78 (d, 1 H), 7.47 (d, 1 H), 7.20-7.24 (m, 1 H), 6.95-7.02 (m, 2 H), 5.93-6.08 (m, 2 H), 5.72-5.82 (m, 1 H), 5.37 (dd, 1 H), 5.25 (dd, 1 H), 4.78 (d, 2 H), 4.67 (d, 2 H), 3.00-3.16 (m, 1 H), 2.71-2.95 (m, 2 H), 2.50 (s, 3 H), 1.96-2.10 (m, 1 H)

Examples 505-513

Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 314 (method A) or 315 (method B), except using the esters indicated in Table II-11 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-11 Ex. # ester 505

506

507

508

509

510

511

512

513

method, Ex. # product yield 505

A, 41% [MH]⁺ = 548 506

A, 49% [MH]⁺ = 480 507

A, 39% [MH]⁺ = 528 508

A, 49% [MH]⁺ = 546 509

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 531 510

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 549 511

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 515 512

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 481 513

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 508

Examples 514-518

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 362, except using the esters indicated in Table II-12 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-12 Ex. # ester 514

515

516

517

517

518

Ex. # product yield 514

n.d.% [MH]⁺ = 486 515

17% [M- “indene”]⁺ = 408 516

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 549 517

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 572 517

>99% [MH]⁺ = 556 518

69% ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ = 12.20-13.20 (brs, 1 H), 10.40-10.70 (br s, 1 H), 10.06 (d, 1 H), 9.73 (t, 1 H), 8.68 (d, 1 H), 8.07 (s, 1 H), 7.72 (d, 1 H), 7.49 (d, 1 H), 7.32 (d, 1 H), 7.04 (s, 1 H), 6.93 (d, 1 H), 5.61-5.71 (m, 1 H), 4.52 (d, 2 H), 2.80-3.11 (m, 2 H), 2.61-2.72 (m, 1 H), 2.50 (s, 3 H), 1.96-2.10 (m, 1 H)

Example 519

Step A

The title compound from the Example 487 (42 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 296, Step B to afford the title compound (44 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=639.

The Example numbers 520 to 1699 and the Table numbers II-13 to II-38 were intentionally excluded.

Example 1700 Assay for Determining MMP-13 Inhibition

The typical assay for MMP-13 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 50 nM stock solution of catalytic domain of MMP-13 enzyme (produced by Alantos) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Upon the completion of incubation, the assay is started by addition of 40 μL of a 12.5 μM stock solution of MMP-13 fluorescent substrate (Calbiochem, Cat. No. 444235). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at the 320 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by automatic plate multireader. The IC₅₀ values are calculated from the initial reaction rates.

Example 1701 Assay for Determining MMP-3 Inhibition

The typical assay for MMP-3 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM MES, pH 6.0, 10 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 100 nM stock solution of the catalytic domain of MMP-3 enzyme (Biomol, Cat. No. SE-109) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Upon the completion of incubation, the assay is started by addition of 40 μL of a 12.5 μM stock solution of NFF-3 fluorescent substrate (Calbiochem, Cat. No. 480455). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at the 330 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by an automatic plate multireader. The IC₅₀ values are calculated from the initial reaction rates.

Example 1702 Assay for Determining MMP-8 Inhibition

The typical assay for MMP-8 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 50 nM stock solution of activated MMP-8 enzyme (Calbiochem, Cat. No. 444229) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 10 min at 37° C. Upon the completion of incubation, the assay is started by addition of 40 μL of a 10 μM stock solution of OmniMMP fluorescent substrate (Biomol, Cat. No. P-126). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at the 320 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by an automatic plate multireader at 37° C. The IC₅₀ values are calculated from the initial reaction rates.

Example 1703 Assay for Determining MMP-12 Inhibition

The typical assay for MMP-12 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 50 nM stock solution of the catalytic domain of MMP-12 enzyme (Biomol, Cat. No. SE-138) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Upon the completion of incubation, the assay is started by addition of 40 μL of a 12.5 μM stock solution of OmniMMP fluorescent substrate (Biomol, Cat. No. P-126). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at the 320 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by automatic plate multireader at 37° C. The IC₅₀ values are calculated from the initial reaction rates.

Example 1704 Assay for Determining Aggrecanase-1 Inhibition

The typical assay for aggrecanase-1 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 75 nM stock solution of aggrecanase-1 (Invitek) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed. The reaction is started by addition of 40 μL of a 250 nM stock solution of aggrecan-IGD substrate (Invitek) and incubation at 37° C. for exact 15 min. The reaction is stopped by addition of EDTA and the samples are analysed by using aggrecanase ELISA (Invitek, InviLISA, Cat. No. 30510111) according to the protocol of the supplier. Shortly: 100 μL of each proteolytic reaction are incubated in a pre-coated micro plate for 90 min at room temperature. After 3 times washing, antibody-peroxidase conjugate is added for 90 min at room temperature. After 5 times washing, the plate is incubated with TMB solution for 3 min at room temperature. The peroxidase reaction is stopped with sulfurous acid and the absorbance is red at 450 nm. The IC₅₀ values are calculated from the absorbance signal corresponding to residual aggrecanase activity.

Example 1705 Assay for Determining Inhibition of MMP-3 Mediated Proteoglycan Degradation

The assay for MMP-3 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM MES, pH 6.0, 10 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35. Articular cartilage is isolated fresh from the first phalanges of adult cows and cut into pieces (˜3 mg). Bovine cartilage is incubated with 50 nM human MMP-3 (Chemikon, cat. #25020461) in presence or absence of inhibitor for 24 h at 37° C. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (aggrecan) degradation products (sGAG) are detected in supernatant, using a modification of the colorimetric DMMB (1,9-dimethylmethylene blue dye) assay (Billinghurst et al., 2000, Arthritis & Rheumatism, 43 (3), 664). 10 μL of the samples or standard are added to 190 μL of the dye reagent in microtiter plate wells, and the absorbance is measured at 525 nm immediately. All data points are performed in triplicates.

Example 1706 Assay for Determining Inhibition of MMP-3 Mediated Pro-Collagenase 3 Activation

The assay for MMP-3 mediated activation of pro-collagenase 3 (pro-MMP-13) is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM MES, pH 6.0, 10 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35 (Nagase; J. Biol. Chem. 1994 Aug. 19; 269(33):20952-7).

Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 5 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 100 nM stock solution of trypsin-activated (Knauper V., et al., 1996 J. Biol. Chem. 271 1544-1550) human pro-MMP-3 (Chemicon; CC1035) is added to the compound solution. To this mixture, 35 μL of a 286 nM stock solution of pro-collagenase 3 (Invitek; 30100803) is added to the mixture of enzyme and compound. The mixture is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 5 h at 37° C. Upon the completion of incubation, 10 μL of the incubation mixture is added to 50 μL assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35 and the mixture is thoroughly mixed.

The assay to determine the MMP-13 activity is started by addition of 40 μL of a 10 μM stock solution of MMP-13 fluorogenic substrate (Calbiochem, Cat. No. 444235) in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂ and 0.05% Brij-35 (Knauper, V., et al., 1996. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 1544-1550). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at 320 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by an automatic plate multireader at room temperature. The IC₅₀ values are calculated from the initial reaction rates.

Example 1707

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Example 418 (130 mg), NEt₃ (71 μL) and diphenylphosphoryl azide (104 μL) in ^(t)BuOH (4 mL) was heated to 70° C. overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (43 mg, 30%). [MH]⁺=645.

Step B

A solution of the title compound from Step A above (43 mg) in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, diluted with CH₃CN (3 mL) and then concentrated. The remaining residue was diluted with 0.1M aqueous HCl, concentrated, again diluted with 0.1M aqueous HCl and concentrated to afford the title compound (39 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=581.

Example 1708

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Example 418 (40 mg), 2-chloro-N,N-dimethylacetamide (7.9 μL), NaI (11 mg) and NEt₃ (10.5 μL) in EtOAc (3 mL) was heated to reflux for 3 h, cooled, filtered, washed with saturated aqueous NaS₂O₃, half saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl (200 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) to afford the title compound (25 mg, 72%). [MH]⁺=659.

Example 1709

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 968 (109 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Preparative Example 328, Step A, except using commercially available 3,4-difluorobenzylamine instead of 4-fluorobenzylamine to afford title compound from the Preparative Example 984 (47 mg, 32%, [MH]⁺=429) and the title compound (4.1 mg, 3%). [M-H]⁻=538.

Example 1710

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 355 (50 mg) in MeOH (5 m/L) was added thionyl chloride (150 μL). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h and then concentrated. The remaining residue was dissolved in EtOH (10 mL), hydrazine monohydrate (100 μL) was added and the resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h and then cooled to room temperature. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration to afford the title compound (69 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=400.

Example 1711

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 1710, Step A (35 mg) in CHCl₃ (2 mL) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (1 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to 50° C. for 3 h, concentrated and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (47 mg, >99%). [MH]⁺=496.

Examples 1712-1829

Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 1 (method A), 2 (method B), 3 (method C), 4 (method D), 5 (method E), 6 (method F) or 7 (method G), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table II-39 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-39 Ex. # acid, amine 1712

1713

1714

1715

1716

1717

1718

1719

1720

1721

1722

1723

1724

1725

1726

1727

1728

1729

1730

1731

1732

1733

1734

1735

1736

1737

1738

1739

1740

1741

1742

1743

1744

1745

1746

1747

1748

1749

1750

1751

1752

1753

1754

1755

1756

1757

1758

1759

1760

1761

1762

1763

1764

1765

1766

1767

1768

1769

1770

1771

1772

1773

1774

1775

1776

1777

1778

1779

1780

1781

1782

1783

1784

1785

1786

1787

1788

1789

1790

1791

1792

1793

1794

1795

1796

1797

1798

1799

1800

1801

1802

1803

1804

1805

1806

1807

1808

1809

1810

1811

1812

1813

1814

1815

1816

1817

1818

1819

1820

1821

1822

1823

1824

1825

1826

1827

1828

1829

method, Ex. # product yield 1712

C, 53% [MH]⁺ = 482 1713

B, 83% [MH]⁺ = 630 1714

E, 29% [MH]⁺ = 506 1715

E, 45% [MH]⁺ = 448 1716

E, 30% [MH]⁺ = 448 1717

E, 35% [MH]⁺ = 448 1718

E, 55% [MH]⁺ = 436 1719

E, 55% [MH]⁺ = 436 1720

E, 40% [MH]⁺ = 462 1721

E, 26% [MH]⁺ = 536 1722

E, 25% [MH]⁺ = 487 1723

E, 55% [MH]⁺ = 446 1724

E, 40% [MH]⁺ = 456 1725

E, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 522 1726

E, 25% [MH]⁺ = 506 1727

C, 76% [MNa]⁺ = 632 1728

C, 76% [MH]⁺ = 584 1729

C, 67% [MH]⁺ = 584 1730

C, 47% [MNa]⁺ = 698 1731

B, 91% [M-tBu]⁺ = 555 1732

C, 48% [MNa]⁺ = 594 1733

C, 90% [MNa]⁺ = 611 1734

C, 77% [MNa]⁺ = 614 1735

C, 53% [MNa]⁺ = 631 1736

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 565 1737

C, 20% [MH]⁺ = 615 1738

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 467 1739

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 518 1740

C, 58% [MH]⁺ = 550 1741

C, 36% [MH]⁺ = 518 1742

C, 19% [MH]⁺ = 564 1743

C, 86% [MH]⁺ = 507 1744

C, 89% [MH]⁺ = 493 1745

C, >99% [MH]⁺ = 525 1746

C, 95% [MH]⁺ = 523 1747

C, 72% [MH]⁺ = 533 1748

C, 26% [MH]⁺ = 423 1749

C, 32% [MH]⁺ = 439 1750

C, 25% [MH]⁺ = 475 1751

C, 51% [MH]⁺ = 493 1752

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 547 1753

B, 70% [MH]⁺ = 462 1754

E, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 488 1755

G, 70% [MH]⁺ = 561 1756

G, 83% [MH]⁺ = 574 1757

G, 66% [MH]⁺ = 554 1758

G, 97% [MH]⁺ = 559 1759

G, 79% [MH]⁺ = 516 1760

G, 90% [MNa]⁺ = 619 1761

G, 87% [MNa]⁺ = 596 1762

G, 89% [MH]⁺ = 567 1763

G, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 614 1764

G, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 633 1765

B, 91% [MH]⁺ = 637 1766

B, 50% [MH]⁺ = 456 1767

B, >99% [MNa]⁺ = 549 1768

B, 83% [MNa]⁺ = 521 1769

B, 82% [MNa]⁺ = 535 1770

B, 86% [MNa]⁺ = 535 1771

B, 87% [MNa]⁺ = 535 1772

B, 55% [MH]⁺ = 457 1773

B, 87% [MH]⁺ = 568 1774

B, 84% [MH]⁺ = 468 1775

B, 94% [MNa]⁺ = 563 1776

B, 91% [MH]⁺ = 456 1777

B, 98% [M-Boc]⁺ = 471 1778

B, 93% [M-Boc]⁺ = 473 1779

B, 78% [MH]⁺ = 509 1780

B, 77% [MH]⁺ = 482 1781

B, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 652 1782

B, 82% [MH]⁺ = 485 1783

B, 68% [MH]⁺ = 491/493 1784

B, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 634 1785

B, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 636 1786

B, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 646 1787

B, 88% [MH]⁺ = 524 1788

B, 72% [MH]⁺ = 581 1789

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 595 1790

B, 88% [MH]⁺ = 367 1791

E, 23% [MNa]⁺ = 642 1792

C, 59% [MH]⁺ = 533 1793

C, 79% [MH]⁺ = 533 1794

C, 44% [MH]⁺ = 533 1795

C, 59% [MH]⁺ = 547 1796

C, 75% [MH]⁺ = 539 1797

E, 67% [M − H]⁻ = 636 1798

E, 85% [M − H]⁻ = 642 1799

E, 55% [M − H]⁻ = 520 1800

E, 65% [M − H]⁻ = 636 1801

E, 44% [M − H]⁻ = 642 1802

E, 81% [M − H]⁻ = 560 1803

E, 31% [MH]⁺ = 411 1804

E, n.d. [M − H]⁻ = 749 1805

C, 17% [MH]⁺ = 452 1806

C, 7% [(M-^(i)Pr₂NEt)H]⁺ = 453 1807

F, 74% [MH]⁺ = 761 1808

F, 73% [MH]⁺ = 761 1809

F, 74% [MH]⁺ = 761 1810

F, 58% [MH]⁺ = 761 1811

F, 58% [MH]⁺ = 761 1812

F, 68% [MH]⁺ = 761 1813

C, 43% [MNa]⁺ = 623 1814

C, 50% [MNa]⁺ = 637 1815

C, 99% [MNa]⁺ = 651 1816

C, 85% [MH]⁺ = 665 1817

C, 50% [MNa]⁺ = 641 1818

C, 47% [MNa]⁺ = 677 1819

B, 19% [MH]⁺ = 456 1820

B, 64% [MH]⁺ = 512 1821

B, 74% [MH]⁺ = 524 1822

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 529 1823

C, 70% [MH]⁺ = 480 1824

C, >99% [MH]⁺ = 579 1825

C, 63% [MH]⁺ = 593 1826

C, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 607 1827

C, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 538 1828

C, 42% [MH]⁺ = 538 1829

C, 17% [MH]⁺ = 537

Example 1830

To the title compound from the Example 1799 (500 mg) in CHCl₃ (10 mL) was added N-iodosuccinimide (259 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 1 h, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (485 mg, 78%). [M-H]⁻=644.

Example 1831

Step A

The title compound from the Example 1802 (309 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 1830, Step A to afford the title compound (365 mg, 97%). [M-H]⁻=686.

Example 1832

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Example 1830, Step A (30 mg), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (5 mg) and NEt₃ (50 μL) in DMSO/MeOH (1:1, 400 μL) was stirred at 80° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 1 atm for 18 h, diluted with 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were washed with 1N aqueous HCl (2×) and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (27 mg, 99%). [M-H]⁻=576.

Example 1833

Step A

The title compound from the Example 1831, Step A (393 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 1832, Step A to afford the title compound (195 mg, 55%). [M-H]⁻=618.

Example 1834

Step A

The title compound from the Example 1831, Step A (188 mg), Pd(OAc)₂ (4.6 mg), dppf (32.2 mg) and KOAc (110 mg) were dissolved in dry DMSO (1.5 mL) and stirred at 60° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 1 atm for 18 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N aqueous HCl (2×) and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (150 mg, 85%). [M-H]⁻=604.

Example 1835

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Example 1830, Step A (30 mg), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (3 mg) and commercially available trimethyl(phenyl)tin (5 μL) in THF (250 μL) was stirred at 80° C. under an argon atmosphere for 2 d, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (9 mg, 66%). [M-H]⁻=594.

Example 1836

Step A

The title compound from the Example 1830, Step A (15 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 1835, Step A, except using commercially available (tributylstannyl)thiophene instead of trimethyl(phenyl)tin to afford the title compound (14 mg, 99%). [M-H]⁻=600.

Example 1837

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Example 1753 (7.8 mg) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 10 mg) in MeOH (5 mL) was hydrogenated at 30 psi for 12 h, filtered through Celite® and concentrated to afford the title compound (6.0 mg, 95%). [MH]⁺=356.

Examples 1838-1853

Following a similar procedure as described in the Examples 288, except using the esters and amines indicated in Table II-40 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-40 Ex. # ester, amine 1838

1839

1840

1841

1842

1843

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1853

product yield 1838

18% [MH]⁺ = 570 1839

65% [M − H]⁻ = 721 1840

>99% [M − H]⁻ = 601 1841

48% [M − H]⁻ = 601 1842

37% [M − H]⁻ = 678 1843

40% [M − H]⁻ = 748 1844

67% [M − H]⁻ = 641 1845

73% [M − H]⁻ = 669 1846

63% [M − H]⁻ = 683 1847

68% [M − H]⁻ = 681 1848

62% [M − H]⁻= 677 1849

70% [M − H]⁻ = 677 1850

47% [M − H]⁻ = 705 1851

42% [M − H]⁻ = 732 1852

50% [MH]⁺ = 367 1853

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 755

Example 1854

Step A

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) mixture of the title compound from the Example 1834, Step A (150 mg) and DMF (2 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (108 μL). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 2 h and then concentrated. The resulting residue was brought up in acetone (1.5 mL) and cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath). A solution of NaN₃ (100 mg) in H₂O (500 μL) was added and the ice bath was removed. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, diluted with H₂O (5 mL) and extracted with toluene (3×5 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and diluted with toluene/tert.-butanol (1:1, 2 mL). Molecular sieves 4 Å (100 mg) were added and the resulting mixture was heated to 100° C. for 1½ h. Filtration, absorption onto silica and purification by chromatography (silica) to afforded the title compound (88 mg, 52%). [M-H]⁻=675.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step a above (88 mg) in ^(t)BuOAc (1 mL) was added concentrated H₂SO₄ (35 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (4 mL) and EtOAc (2 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with EtOAc (2×) and CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (36 mg, 50%). [MH]⁺=577.

Example 1855

Step A

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of commercially available benzenesulfonyl chloride (3.5 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 μL) were added NEt₃ (6 μL) and a solution of the title compound from the Example 1854, Step B (12 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 μL). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and then concentrated. The remaining residue was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (3.1 mg, 21%). [M-H]⁻=715.

Example 1856

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Example 1854, Step B (12 mg) and commercially available phenyl isocyanate (3 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 μL) was stirred at room temperature for 3 d, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (11 mg, 76%). [M-H]⁻=694.

Example 1857

Step A

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of commercially available benzoyl chloride (3 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 μL) were added NEt₃ (6 μL) and a solution of the title compound from the Example 1854, Step B (12 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 μL). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and then concentrated. The remaining residue was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (11.2 mg, 79%). [M-H]⁻=679.

Example 1858

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example HK119 (36 mg) in THF/H₂O (3:1, 2.4 mL) was added a 1M aqueous KOH (210 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, concentrated and diluted with EtOAc (150 mL) and 10% aqueous citric acid (40 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (20.9 mg, 56%). [MH]⁺=525.

Example 1859

Step A

A solution of the title compound from the Example 1835, Step A (6 mg) and AlBr₃ (7 mg) in tetrahydrothiophene was stirred at room temperature for 16 h, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (3 mg, 52%). [M-H]⁻=580.

Examples 1860-1879

Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 314 (method A), 315 (method B), 1858 (method C) or 1859 (method D), except using the esters indicated in Table II-41 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-41 Ex. # ester 1860

1861

1862

1863

1864

1865

1866

1867

1868

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

method, Ex. # product yield 1860

B, 50% [M − H]⁻ = 490 1861

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 533 1862

B, 90% [MH]⁺ = 570 1863

B, 43% [MH]⁺ = 560 1864

B, 66% [MH]⁺ = 554 1865

B, 20% [MH]⁺ = 545 1866

B, 86% [MNa]⁺ = 628 1867

C, 21% [MH]⁺ = 519 1868

C, 56% [MH]⁺ = 519 1869

C, 6% [MH]⁺ = 519 1870

C, 15% [MH]⁺ = 533 1871

D, 43% [M − H]⁻ = 562 1872

D, 28% [M − H]⁻ = 586 1873

B, 17% [MH]⁺ = 515 1874

A, 21% [MH]⁺ = 466 1875

A, 12% [MH]⁺ = 565 1876

A, 34% [MH]⁺ = 579 1877

A, 19% [MH]⁺ = 593 1878

A, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 524 1879

A, 29% [MH]⁺ = 523

Examples 1880-1884

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 362, except using the esters indicated in Table II-42 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-42 Ex. # ester 1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

Ex. # product yield 1880

75% [MH]⁺ = 532 1881

43% [MH]⁺ = 571 1882

43% [MH]⁺ = 574 1883

19% [MH]⁺ = 591 1884

28% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 555

Example 1885

Step A

The title compound from the Example 1767 (27.5 mg) was stirred in formic acid (4 mL) at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (15.5 mg; 63%). [MH]⁺=471.

Examples 1886-1954

Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 436 (method A) or 1885 (method B), except using the esters as indicated in Table II-43 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-43 Ex. # ester 1886

1887

1888

1889

1890

1891

1982

1893

1894

1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

method, Ex. # product yield 1886

A, 95% [M − H]⁻ = 478 1887

A, 77% [M − H]⁻ = 388 1888

A, 16% (over 2 steps) [M − H]⁻ = 464 1889

A, 62% [M − H]⁻ = 450 1890

A, >99% [MH]⁺ = 554 1891

A, >99% [MH]⁺ = 528 1882

A, >99% [MH]⁺ = 528 1893

A, >99% [MH]⁺ = 620 1894

A, >99% [MH]⁺ = 555 1895

A, 6% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 509 1896

A, >99% [MH]⁺ = 559 1897

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 514 1898

A, 94% [M − H]⁻ = 665 1899

A, >99% [M − H]⁻ = 601 1900

A, >99% [M − (TFA + H)]⁻ = 636 1901

A, >99% [M − (TFA + H)]⁻ = 622 1902

A, >99% [M − H]⁻ = 692 1903

A, >99% [M − H]⁻ = 585 1904

A, >99% [M − H]⁻ = 613 1905

A, 94% [M − H]⁻ = 627 1906

A, >99% [M − H]⁻ = 625 1907

A, 86% [M − H]⁻ = 621 1908

A, 79% [M − H]⁻ = 653 1909

A, 68% [M − H]⁻ = 649 1910

A, >99% [M − (TFA + H)]⁻ = 676 1911

A, 98% [MH]⁺ = 541 1912

A, 89% [MH]⁺ = 518 1913

A, 13% [MH]⁺ = 511 1914

A, 12% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 536 1915

A, 18% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 555 1916

B, 73% [MH]⁺ = 443 1917

B, 87% [MH]⁺ = 457 1918

B, 59% [MH]⁺ = 457 1919

B, 80% [MH]⁺ = 457 1920

B, 74% [MH]⁺ = 512 1921

B, 59% [MH]⁺ = 574 1922

B, 56% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 556 1923

B, 34% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 558 1924

B, 53% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 568 1925

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 564 1926

A, n.d. [M − H]⁻ = 675 1927

A, 78% [M − H]⁻ = 580 1928

A, 78% [M − H]⁻ = 586 1929

A, 68% [M − H]⁻ = 580 1930

A, 62% [M − H]⁻ = 586 1931

A, 25% [M − H]⁻ = 693 1932

A, 99% [M − H]⁻ = 561 1933

A, 82% [M − H]⁻ = 617 1934

A, 99% [M − H]⁻ = 637 1935

A, 99% [M − H]⁻ = 657 1936

A, 99% [M − H]⁻ = 548 1937

A, 99% [M − H]⁻ = 562 1938

A, 99% [M − H]⁻ = 547 1939

A, 63% [M − H]⁻ = 659 1940

A, 94% [M − H]⁻ = 638 1941

A, n.d.% [M − H]⁻ = 623 1942

B, 46% [MH]⁺ = 649 1943

B, 53% [MH]⁺ = 649 1944

B, 39% [MH]⁺ = 649 1945

B, 52% [MH]⁺ = 649 1946

B, 62% [MH]⁺ = 649 1947

B, 57% [MH]⁺ = 649 1948

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 545 1949

A, 90% [MH]⁺ = 559 1950

A, 48% [MH]⁺ = 573 1951

A, 34% [MH]⁺ = 587 1952

A, 90% [MH]⁺ = 563 1953

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 599 1954

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 587

Example 1955

Step A

To a mixture of N-cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methyl-polystyrene (30 mg) in DMA (340 μL) were added a 0.2M solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 337 in DMA (85 μL) and a 0.5M solution of HOBt in DMA (45 μL). The mixture was agitated for 15 min, then a 0.5M solution of morpholine in DMA (30 μL) was added and the mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 100° C. (microwave) for 5 min. (Plystyrylmethyl)-trimethylammonium bicarbonate (20 mg) was added and the mixture was agitated at room temperature for 3 h. Then the mixture was filtered, concentrated, diluted with formic acid (100 μL) and stirred at room temperature for 5 h. Concentration afforded the title compound as a pale yellow solid, which was used without further purification. [MH]⁺=450.

Examples 1956-2138

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 1955, except using amines indicated in Table II-44 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-44 Ex. # amine 1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

2032

2033

2034

2035

2036

2037

2038

2039

2040

2041

2042

2043

2044

2045

2046

2047

2048

2049

2050

2051

2052

2053

2054

2055

2056

2057

2058

2059

2060

2061

2062

2063

2064

2065

2066

2067

2068

2069

2070

2071

2072

2073

2074

2075

2076

2077

2078

2079

2080

2081

2082

2083

2084

2085

2086

2087

2088

2089

2090

2091

2092

2093

2094

2095

2096

2097

2098

2099

2100

2101

2102

2103

2104

2105

2106

2107

2108

2109

2110

2111

2112

2113

2114

2115

2116

2117

2118

2119

2120

2121

2122

2123

2124

2125

2126

2127

2128

2129

2130

2131

2132

2133

2134

2135

2136

2137

2138

Ex. # product yield 1956

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 438 1957

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 514 1958

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 550 1959

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 460 1960

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 500 1961

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 488 1962

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 434 1963

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 488 1964

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 544 1965

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 448 1966

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 450 1967

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 422 1968

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 448 1969

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 470 1970

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 476 1971

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 478 1972

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 408 1973

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 462 1974

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 451 1975

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 492 1976

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 548 1977

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 394 1978

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 464 1979

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 590 1980

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 500 1981

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 500 1982

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 484 1983

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 464 1984

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 464 1985

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 498 1986

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 461 1987

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 452 1988

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 508 1989

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 502 1990

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 463 1991

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 520 1992

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 568 1993

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 481 1994

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 512 1995

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 510 1996

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 437 1997

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 471 1998

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 484 1999

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 484 2000

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 463 2001

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 549 2002

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 480 2003

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 466 2004

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 502 2005

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 551 2006

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 460 2007

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 465 2008

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 418 2009

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 549 2010

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 554 2011

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 528 2012

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 482 2013

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 651 2014

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 527.622 2015

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 502 2016

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 502 2017

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 530 2018

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 546 2019

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 500 2020

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 500 2021

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 528 2022

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 528 2023

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 528 2024

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 510 2025

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 491 2026

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 510 2027

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 596 2028

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 496 2029

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 496 2030

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 610 2031

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 500 2032

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 547 2033

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 464 2034

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 555 2035

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 555 2036

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 511 2037

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 545 2038

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 516 2039

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 534 2040

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 492 2041

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 459 2042

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 477 2043

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 436 2044

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 528 2045

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 528 2046

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 521 2047

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 572 2048

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 526 2049

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 538 2050

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 544 2051

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 538 2052

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 484 2053

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 513 2054

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 520 2055

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 484 2056

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 538 2057

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 488 2058

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 490 2059

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 490 2060

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 464 2061

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 450 2062

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 476 2063

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 555 2064

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 501 2065

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 550 2066

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 526 2067

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 540 2068

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 527 2069

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 541 2070

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 541 2071

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 541 2072

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 554 2073

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 594 2074

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 549 2075

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 622 2076

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 538 2077

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 608 2078

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 612 2079

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 626 2080

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 626 2081

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 620 2082

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 560 2083

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 512 2084

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 498 2085

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 498 2086

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 498 2087

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 450 2088

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 468 2089

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 436 2090

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 436 2091

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 490 2092

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 464 2093

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 526 2094

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 555 2095

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 510 2096

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 569 2097

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 554 2098

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 471 2099

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 485 2100

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 555 2101

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 568 2102

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 554 2103

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 517 2104

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 478 2105

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 519 2106

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 512 2107

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 534 2108

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 567 2109

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 495 2110

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 460 2111

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 476 2112

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 462 2113

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 512 2114

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 534 2115

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 556 2116

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 556 2117

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 528 2118

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 544 2119

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 544 2120

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 555 2121

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 532 2122

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 539 2123

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 512 2124

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 477 2125

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 486 2126

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 480 2127

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 519 2128

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 519 2129

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 569 2130

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 539 2131

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 528 2132

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 501 2133

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 484 2134

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 563 2135

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 438 2136

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 438 2137

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 513 2138

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 513

Example 2139

Step A

The title compound from the Example 1925 (3.6 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 314, except using NaOH instead of LiOH to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (2.2 mg, 60%). [MH]⁺=550.

Example 2140

Step A

A solution of the title compound from the Example 1791 (5 mg) in a 7M solution of NH₃ in MeOH (1 mL) was heated to reflux overnight, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (4.5 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=605.

Example 2141

Step A

The title compound from the Preparative Example 974, Step A (6.4 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 2140, Step A to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (5.6 mg, 90%). [MH]⁺=485.

Example 2142

Step A

The title compound from the Example 1833, Step A (15 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 2140, Step A to afford the title compound (2.5 mg, 17%). [M-H]⁻=603.

Examples 2143-2213

Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 1 (method A), 2 (method B), 3 (method C), 4 (method D), 5 (method E), 6 (method F) or 7 (method G), except using the acids and amines or alcohols indicated in Table II-45 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-45 method, Ex. # acid, amine or alcohol product yield 2143

B, 74% [MH]⁺ = 629 2144

B, 79% [MH]⁺ = 685 2145

B, 77% [MH]⁺ = 741 2146

B, 54% [MH]⁺ = 686 2147

B, 95% [MH]⁺ = 624 2148

B, 92% [MH]⁺ = 654 2149

B, 94% [MNa]⁺ = 727 2150

B, >99% [MH]⁺ = 572 2151

B, 78% [MH]⁺ = 743 2152

E, 68% [(MH₂)/ 2]⁺ =399 2153

E, n.d. [M − H]⁻ = 679 2154

E, n.d. [M − H]⁻ = 714 2155

E, n.d. [M − H]⁻ = 709 2156

E, 40% [M − H]⁻ = 686 2157

E, 39% [M − H]⁻ = 693 2158

E, 25% [M − H]⁻ = 714 2159

E, 35% [M − H]⁻ = 714 2160

E, 41% [M − H]⁻ = 669 2161

E, 12% [M − H]⁻ = 737 2162

E, 76% [M − H]⁻ = 705 2163

E, 40% [MNa]⁺ = 610 2164

E, 41% [MNa]⁺ = 624 2165

E, 9% [MH]⁺ = 687 2166

E, 62% [M − H]⁻ = 671 2167

E, 87% [M − H]⁻ = 651 2168

E, 99% [M − H]⁻ = 655 2169

E, 78% [M − H]⁻ = 667 2170

E, 65% [M − H]⁻ = 667 2171

E, >99% [M − H]⁻ = 685 2172

E, 83% [M − H]⁻ = 697 2173

E, 80% [M − H]⁻ = 747 2174

E, 77% [M − H]⁻ = 697 2175

E, 59% [M − H]⁻ = 747 2176

E, 76% [M − H]⁻ = 693 2177

E, 85% [M − H]⁻ = 680 2178

E, 65% [M − H]⁻ = 695 2179

E, 70% [M − H]⁻ = 695 2180

B, 39% [MH]⁺ = 498 2181

B, 35% [MH]⁺ = 484 2182

D, 40% [MH]⁺ = 590 2183

B, 11% [MH]⁺ = 601 2184

B, 22% [MH]⁺ = 671 2185

B, 10% [MNa]⁺ = 713 2186

B, 92% [MH]⁺ = 687 2187

B, 76% [MH]⁺ = 568 2188

B, 4% [MH]⁺ = 598 2189

E, 4% ¹H-NMR (DMSO- d₆) δ = 10.07 (t, 1 H), 9.73 (t, 1 H), 8.60 (d, 1 H), 8.11 (s, 1 H), 7.58 (d, 1 H), 7.39 (d, 2 H), 7.15 (d, 1 H), 4.52 (d, 2 H), 4.00 (t, 1 H), 3.29 (d, 2 H), 2.31-2.12 (m, 4 H), 1.75-1.12 (m, 20 H). 2190

E, 73% [MNa]⁺ = 710. 2191

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 695 2192

E, 99% [MH]⁺ = 659 2193

E, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 681 2194

A, 67% [MNa]⁺ = 671 2195

E, 20% [MH]⁺ = 595 2196

E, 20% [MH]⁺ = 633 2197

E, 17% [MH]⁺ = 599 2198

E, 75% [MH]⁺ = 701 2199

E, 35% [MH]⁺ = 689 2200

E, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 619 2201

E, 66% [M − H]⁻ = 617 2202

E, 73% [M − H]⁻ = 673 2203

E, 72% [M − H]⁻ = 693 2204

E, 65% [M − H]⁻ = 713 2205

E, 23% [MNa]⁺ = 710 2206

C, 30% [MH]⁺ = 524 2207

C, 12% [MH]⁺ = 578 2208

C, n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 604 2209

C, 77% [MH]⁺ = 476 2210

C, 46% [MH]⁺ = 526 2211

C, 34% [MH]⁺ = 564 2212

C, 40% [MH]⁺ = 539 2213

C, 91% [MH]⁺ = 524

Example 2214

Step A

The title compound from the Example 2208 was treated similarly as described in the Example 296, Step B to afford the title compound. [M-Cl]⁺=482.

Example 2215

Step A

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from the Example 1834 (25 mg) in THF (1 mL) was added BH₃.THF complex (120 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 24 h while warming to room temperature, cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath), hydrolyzed with 1M aqueous HCl (2 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×5 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (5 mg, 23%). [MH]⁺=592.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (5 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) were sequentially added molecular sieves 4 Å (100 mg), N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (2 mg) and TPAP (0.5 mg). The resulting black mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, filtered through Celite® and concentrated to afford the title compound (5 mg, 98%). [MH]⁺=590.

Step C

To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (5 mg) in MeOH (2 mL) were added NaBH₃CN (1.6 mg) and AcOH (50 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (2 mg, 35%). [MNa]⁺=723.

Examples 2216-2220

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 1859, except using the esters indicated in Table II-46 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-46 Ex. # ester product yield 2216

40% [M − H]⁻ = 657 2217

34% [M − H]⁻ = 653 2218

55% [M − H]⁻ = 637 2219

40% [M − H]⁻ = 637 2220

B, 35% [MH]⁺ = 619

Examples 2221-2255

Following similar procedures as described in the Example 436 (method A) and the Example 1885 (method B), except using the esters as indicated in Table II-47 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-47 method, Ex. # ester product yield 2221

B, 92% [MH]⁺ = 598 2222

B, 96% [MH]⁺ = 671 2223

B, >99% [MH]⁺ = 671 2224

B, 93% [MH]⁺ = 687 2225

A, 17% (over 2 steps) [M − H]⁻ = 623 2226

A, 42% (over 2 steps) [M − H]⁻ = 658 2227

A, 45% (over 2 steps) [M − H]⁻ = 653 2228

A, 91% [M − H]⁻ = 630 2229

A, 82% [M − H]⁻ = 637 2230

A, 50% [M − H]⁻ = 658 2231

A, 50% [M − H]⁻ = 658 2232

A, 95% [M − H]⁻ = 613 2233

A, 70% [M − H]⁻ = 681 2234

A, 97% [M − H]⁻ = 649 2235

A, 85% [M − H]⁻ = 629 2236

A, >99% [M − H]⁻ = 641 2237

A, >99% [M − H]⁻= 691 2238

A, 69% [M − H]⁻ = 641 2239

A, 59% [M − H]⁻ = 691 2240

A, >99% [M − H]⁻= 637 2241

A, 79% [M − (TFA + H)]⁻ = 624 2242

A, >99% [M − H]⁻ = 639 2243

A, >99% [M − H]⁻ = 639 2244

B, 68% [MH]⁺ = 631 2245

B, 83% [MH]⁺ = 632 2246

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 549 2247

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 639 2248

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 603 2249

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 625 2250

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 593 2251

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 654 2252

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 543 2253

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 645 2254

A, 99% [MH]⁺ = 633 2255

A, n.d. [M − H]⁻ = 561

Example 2256

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 2205 (11 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was added a 50% aqueous solution of trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (8.5 mg, 81%). [MNa]⁺=670.

Example 2257

Step A

To a degassed solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 377, Step E (30 mg) and the title compound from the Preparative Example 19, Step B (25 mg) in DMF (2 mL) were added Pd(OAc)₂ (1 mg), BINAP (3 mg) and KOtBu (10 mg). The resulting mixture was heated to 180° C. (microwave) for 30 min, cooled, concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with 0.1M aqueous HCl and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (6.5 mg, 15%). [MH]⁺=466.

Examples 2258-2296

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 479, except using the amines and carbonyl compounds indicated in Table II-48 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-48 amine, Ex. # carbonyl compound product yield 2258

13% [MH]⁺ = 428 2259

53% [MH]⁺ = 501 2260

14% [MH]⁺ = 461 2261

46% [MH]⁺ = 482 2262

51% [MH]⁺ = 475 2263

42% [MH]⁺ = 485 2264

50% [MH]⁺ = 479 2265

27% [MH]⁺ = 441 2266

22% [MH]⁺ = 450 2267

32% [MH]⁺ = 496 2268

95% [MH]⁺ = 490 2269

54% [MH]⁺ = 547 2270

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 483 2271

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 469 2272

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 534 2273

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 573 2274

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 607 2275

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 557 2276

n.d. [MNa]⁺ = 592 2277

73% [MH]⁺ = 474 2278

24% [MH]⁺ = 494 2279

n.d. [MH]⁺ = 520 2280

14% [MH]⁺ = 519 2281

10% [MH]⁺ = 493 2282

89% [MH]⁺ = 489 2283

86% [MH]⁺ = 497 2284

15% [MH]⁺ = 535 2285

80% [MH]⁺ = 491 2286

52% [MH]⁺ = 413 2287

82% [MH]⁺ = 463 2288

58% [MH]⁺ = 466 2289

82% [MH]⁺ = 379 2290

78% [MH]⁺ = 469 2291

40% [MH]⁺ = 412 2292

38% [MH]⁺ = 461 2293

67% [MH]⁺ = 433 2294

 5% [MH]⁺ = 491 2295

 7% [MH]⁺ = 377 2296

52% [MH]⁺ = 363

Example 2297

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from Example 2268 (10 mg) in anhydrous CH₃CN (1.5 mL) was added trimethylsilyl bromide (2.6 μL) at 25° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, concentrated and purified by HPLC (RP-C18, AcCN/H₂O) to afford the title compound (1.0 mg, 11%). [MH]⁺=491.

Example 2298

Step A

The crude ˜1:1 mixture of the carboxylate I and the carboxylate II from the Preparative Example 1047 was treated similarly as described in the Example 2 to afford the title compound I (5.3 mg, 16%, [MH]⁺=468) and the title compound II (4.8 mg, 11%, [MH]⁺=647).

Examples 2299-2312

Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 1 (method A), 2 (method B), 3 (method C), 4 (method D), 5 (method E), 6 (method F) or 7 (method G), except using the acids and amines indicated in Table II-49 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-49 Ex. # acid, amine product method, yield 2299

B, 50% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 460 2300

B, 34% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 354 2301

B, 31% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 368 2302

B, 46% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 352 2303

B, 47% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 390 2304

B, 40% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 350 2305

B, 32% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 310 2306

B, 24% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 323 2307

B, 30% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 323 2308

B, 8.8% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 297 2309

B, 20% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 335 2310

B, 37% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 335 2311

B, 88% [MH]⁺ = 439 2312

B, 95% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 561/563

Example 2313

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Example 2311 (53 mg) in a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then concentrated. The remaining residue was added to solution of NaBH₃CN (16 mg) in MeOH (2 mL). To the resulting solution was slowly added a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1031, Step A (25 mg) in THF/MeOH (1:1, 1 mL) over a period of 7 h. Then the mixture was concentrated, diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, absorbed onto silica and purified by chromatography (silica) to afford the title compound (23 mg, 36%). [MH]⁺=529.

Step B

To an ice cooled (0-5° C.) solution of the title compound from Step A above (9 mg) in THF (2 mL) was added a 1M solution of tert.-butyl magnesium chloride (60 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. (ice bath) for 1½ h, diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a light yellow solid (1.7 mg, 20%). [MH]⁺=483.

Example 2314

Step A

To the title compound from the Example 2311 (23.2 mg) was added a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (940 μL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then concentrated. The obtained residue was suspended in pyridine (800 μL), the title compound from Preparative Example 1022 (10.5 μL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with 10% aqueous citric acid (5 mL), sonicated for ˜1 min and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O (5 mL) and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as yellow solid (16.8 mg, 63%). [MH]⁺=501.

Examples 2315-2322

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 2314, except using the acid chlorides indicated in Table II-50 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-50 Ex. # acid chloride Product yield 2315

96% [MH]⁺ = 407 2316

14% [MH]⁺ = 439 2317

24% [MH]⁺ = 453 2318

52% [MH]⁺ = 467 2319

45% [MH]⁺ = 465 2320

47% [MH]⁺ = 465 2321

35% [MH]⁺ = 423 2322

50% [MH]⁺ = 479

Example 2323

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 2314, Step A (13 mg) in THF/H₂O (1:1, 2 mL) was added a 1M aqueous KOH (140 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, concentrated, diluted with a 0.1M aqueous HCl (3 mL), sonicated for 1 min and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O (5 mL) and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (11.7 mg, 92%). [MH]⁺=487.

Examples 2324-2336

Following similar procedures as described in the Examples 314 (method A), 315 (method B) or 2314 (method C), except using the esters indicated in Table II-51 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-51 method, Ex. # ester product yield 2324

A, 57% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 456 2325

A, 32% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 469 2326

A, 100% [MH]⁺ = 487 2327

B, 78% [MH]⁺ = 487 2328

A, 98% [MH]⁺ = 480 2329

A, 18% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 506, 2330

C, 29% [MH]⁺ = 487 2331

C, 9% [MH]⁺ = 487 2332

C, 98% [MH]⁺ = 439 2333

C, 69% [MH]⁺ = 453 2334

C, 91% [MH]⁺ = 451 2335

C, 92% [MH]⁺ = 465 2336

A, >99% [MH]⁺ = 521

Examples 2337-2341

Following a similar procedure as described in the Example 436, except using the esters indicated in Table II-52 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-52 Ex. # ester Product yield 2337

66% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 456 2338

23% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 495 2339

18% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 529 2340

52% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 479 2341

32% (over 2 steps) [MH]⁺ = 514

Example 2342

Step A

To a suspension of the title compound from the Example 2311 (939 mg) in EtOAc (17.1 mL) was added a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (17.1 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h and concentrated to afford the title compound (850 mg, >99%). [M-Cl]⁺=339.

Example 2343

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 2311 (22.5 mg) in CHCl₃ (500 μL) was added and a 1:1 mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and CHCl₃ (500 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, concentrated and dried in vacuo. The obtained residue was dissolved in DMF (500 μL) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (10.2 μL) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated and diluted with EtOAc and 10% aqueous citric acid. The organic phase was separated, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound as pale yellow solid (12.5 mg; 56%). [MH]⁺=435.

Example 2344

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1028 (4.5 mg) in THF (1 mL) was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (5.4 mg). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 90 min, then a solution of the title compound from the Example 2342, Step A (8.1 mg) in DMF (1 mL) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (5 μL) were added and stirring at room temperature was continued overnight. Additional 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (5.4 mg) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 8 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with a 0.1M aqueous HCl (3 mL) and H₂O (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (1.1 mg; 9%). [MH]⁺ 494.

Example 2345

Step A

The title compound from the Example 2342, Step A (10.2 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 2344, Step A, except using the title compound from the Preparative Example 1029 instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 1028 to afford the title compound (1.1 mg, 7.9%). [MH]⁺=506.

Example 2346

Step A

Using a microwave, a mixture of the title compound from Preparative Example 1049, Step E (3 mg), CsCO₃ (9 mg) and acetyl chloride (3 μL) in 1,4-dioxane/CH₃CN (1:1, 1 ml) was heated at 110° C. for 20 min and then cooled to room temperature. The formed precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with MeOH/H₂O (1:1) and then dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as orange solid (1.6 mg, 47%). [MH]⁺=382.

Example 2347

Step A

To a suspension of the title compound from the Example 2342, Step A (2.8 mg) in dry pyridine (75 μL) was added a 0.1M solution of thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride in 1,2-dichlorethane (75 μL). The resulting mixture was agitated (−800 rpm) at room temperature for 15 h, concentrated and dried in vacuo for 12 h to afford the crude title compound. [MH]⁺=449.

Examples 2348-2387

Following similar procedures as described in the Example 2346 (method A) or 2347 (method B), except using the amines and acid chlorides indicated in Table II-53 below, the following compounds were prepared.

TABLE II-53 method, Ex. # amine, acid chloride product yield 2348

A, 31% [MH]⁺ = 469 2349

A, 61% [MH]⁺ = 393 2350

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 533 2351

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 493 2352

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 409 2353

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 471 2354

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 457 2355

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 487 2356

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 473 2357

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 487 2358

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 468 2359

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 527 2360

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 489 2361

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 486 2362

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 395 2363

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 461 2364

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 475 2365

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 491 2366

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 463 2367

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 425 2368

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 519 2369

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 449 2370

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 461 2371

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 421 2372

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 463 2373

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 467 2374

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 483 2375

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 473 2376

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 435 2377

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 449 2378

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 478 2379

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 499 2380

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 449 2381

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 462 2382

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 487 2383

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 468 2384

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 465 2385

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 499 2386

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 478 2387

B, n.d. [MH]⁺ = 445

Example 2388

Step A

The title compound from the Example 2286 (4.5 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 2, Step A, except using commercially available tert-butylamine instead of the title compound from the Preparative Example 228, Step A to afford the title compound (1.9 mg, 37%). [MH]⁺=468.

Example 2389

Step A

To a solution of the title compound from the Example 2289 (20 mg) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (35 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then cooled to 0-5° C. (ice bath). A 2M solution of methylamine in THF (1 m/L) was added and the ice bath was removed. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, concentrated, diluted with H₂O and 10% aqueous citric acid and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases were washed saturated aqueous NaCl (200 μL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (14 mg, 85%). [MH]⁺=392.

Example 2390

Step A

The title compound from the Example 2289 (20 mg) was treated similarly as described in the Example 2389, Step A, except using a 2M solution of dimethylamine in THF instead of a 2M solution of methylamine in THF to afford the title compound (17.9 mg, 83%). [MH]⁺=406.

Example 2391

Step A

A mixture of the title compound from the Example 2285 (8.5 mg) and conc. HCl (4.5 mL) in THF (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 6 h, concentrated, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound I (1.3 mg, 15%, [MH]⁺=509) and title compound II (4 mg, 47%, [MH]⁺=492).

Example 2392

Step A

To a suspension of the Preparative Example 377, Step E (30 mg) in cyclohexane (5 mL) were added tert-butyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate (44 mg) and BF₃.Et₂O (2 drops). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated, absorbed on silica and purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (10.2 mg, 34%). [MH]⁺=377. 

1-173. (canceled)
 174. A compound having the structure:

R⁵¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and alkyl, R¹ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, trifluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, wherein R¹ is optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or wherein R¹ is optionally substituted by one R¹⁶ group and optionally substituted by one or more R⁹ groups; wherein optionally two hydrogen atoms on the same atom of one or more R¹ groups are replaced with ═O; R⁴ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, and R⁵ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, aryl, arylalkyl, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and C(O)OR¹⁰, wherein alkyl, aryl and arylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; R⁹ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of R¹⁰, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, CHF₂, CF₃, OR¹⁰, SR¹⁰, COOR¹⁰, CH(CH₃)CO₂H, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-COR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NO₂, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-CN, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(y)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-P(O)₂OH, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(y)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰SO₂R³⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(x)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═NR¹¹)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰-alkyl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NR¹¹—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, S(O)_(n)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, S(O)_(n)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)—NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_(y)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_(y)R¹¹, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl and O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein each R⁹ group is optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or wherein each R⁹ group is optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁴ groups; R¹⁰ and R¹¹ in each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_(x), or NR⁵⁰ and which is optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl and halo, wherein alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(H)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, (i) and (ii):

wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; R²³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, and fluoroalkyl; R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, wherein alkyl and aryl are optionally substituted by a substituent selected from halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxyl, —COOH, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, NH₂—CO—, (R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N—CO— wherein R¹⁰ or R¹¹ are as defined below, except that at least one of R¹⁰ or R¹¹ is not hydrogen, amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino and thiol; R⁵⁰ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R⁸⁰, C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, SO₂R⁸⁰ and SO₂NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, wherein alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; R⁸⁰ and R⁸¹ in each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or R⁸⁰ and R⁸¹ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_(x), —NH, and —N(alkyl) and which is optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; E is selected from the group consisting of a bond, CR¹⁰R¹¹, O, NR⁵, S, S═O, S(═O)₂, C(═O), N(R¹⁰)(C═O), (C═O)N(R¹⁰), N(R¹⁰)S(═O)₂, S(═O)₂N(R¹⁰), C═N—OR¹¹, —C(R¹⁰R¹¹)C(R¹⁰R¹¹)—, —CH₂—W¹— and

W is a 5- or 6-membered ring selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times with R⁴; aryl is an aromatic group containing 1 or 2 rings and 6 to 12 ring carbon atoms; heteroaryl is an aromatic 5- or 6-membered monocyclic or bicyclic ring having 5 to 10 atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring are selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur; heterocycloalkyl is a 5- or 6-membered saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system are selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system are selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; arylalkyl an aryl bonded through an alkyl; heteroarylalkyl is a heteroaryl bonded through an alkyl; heterocyclylalkyl is a heterocyclyl bonded through an alkyl; U is selected from the group consisting of C(R⁵R¹⁰), NR⁵, O, S, S═O and S(═O)₂; W¹ is selected from the group consisting of O, NR⁵, S, S═O, S(═O)₂, N(R¹⁰)(C═O), N(R¹⁰)S(═O)₂ and S(═O)₂N(R¹⁰); X is selected from the group consisting of a bond and (CR¹⁰R¹¹)_(w)E(CR¹⁰R¹¹)_(w); g and h are independently selected from 0-2; w is independently selected from 0-4; x is selected from 0 to 2; y is selected from 1 and 2; or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, racemic mixtures or stereoisomers thereof.
 175. The compound of claim 174, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of R⁹, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)OR¹⁰, CH(CH₃)CO₂H, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-COR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NO₂, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-CN, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(y)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-P(O)₂OH, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(y)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰CONR¹¹SO₂R³⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(n)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═NR¹¹)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—CN)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, S(O)₂NR¹⁰-alkyl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl, S(O)₂—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NR¹¹CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, S(O)_(x)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR¹⁰, S(O)_(x)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR¹⁰—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)R¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)OR¹⁰, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—C(O)—NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_(y)NR¹⁰R¹¹, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR¹⁰—S(O)_(y)R¹¹, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-aryl and O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein each R⁶ group is optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁴ groups; R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, halo, CHF₂, CF₃, OR¹⁰, NR¹⁰R¹¹, NO₂, and CN, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxyl, —COOH, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, NH₂—CO—, (R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N—CO— wherein R¹⁰ or R¹¹ are as defined below, except that at least one of R¹⁰ or R¹¹ is not hydrogen, amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino and thiol; R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CO₂R¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; B₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_(x); D⁴, G⁴, L⁴, M⁴, and T⁴ are independently selected from CR⁶ and N; and Z is a 5- to 8-membered ring selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or a 5- to 6-membered ring selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl.
 176. The compound of claim 175, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:


177. The compound of claim 176, wherein: R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, CN, OH, CH₂OH, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, OCHF₂, COCH₃, SO₂CH₃, SO₂CF₃, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHCH₃, SO₂N(CH₃)₂, NH₂, NHCOCH₃, N(COCH₃)₂, NHCONH₂, NHSO₂CH₃, alkoxy, alkyl, CO₂H,

wherein R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, CH₃, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, and OCHF₂; R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CH₃, COOCH₃, COOH, and CONH₂.
 178. The compound of claim 174, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and halo, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or optionally R¹² and R¹³ together form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰; R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or optionally two R¹⁹ groups together at one carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰; R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CO₂R¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; J and K are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁰R¹⁸, NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_(x); A₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_(x); and D², G², J², L², M² and T² are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁸ and N.
 179. The compound of claim 178, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:


180. The compound of claim 174, wherein one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or optionally two R¹⁹ groups together at one carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰; R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CONR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; L², M², and T² are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁸ and N; D³, G³, L³, M³, and T³ are independently selected from N, CR¹⁸, (i), or (ii),

with the proviso that one of L³, M³, T³, D³, and G³ is (i) or (ii) B₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_(x); and Q² is a 5- to 8-membered ring selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, which is optionally substituted one or more times with R¹⁹.
 181. The compound of claim 180, wherein one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:


182. The compound of claim 181, wherein one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:


183. The compound of claim 174, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of:


184. A compound according to claim 174 selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 185. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 174 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 186. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) a compound according to claim 174; b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and c) a member selected from the group consisting of: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid; (g) a biological response modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
 187. A compound having the structure:

R⁵¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and alkyl; R¹ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; R⁴ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, and CF₃; R¹⁰ and R¹¹ in each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_(x), or NR⁵⁰ and which is optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl and halo, wherein alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and heterocyclylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl. R²³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, and fluoroalkyl; R⁵⁰ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R⁸⁰, C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, SO₂R⁸⁰ and SO₂NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, wherein alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R⁸⁰, C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸¹, SO₂R⁸⁰ and SO₂NR⁸⁰R⁸¹ are optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; R⁸⁰ and R⁸¹ in each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or R⁸⁰ and R⁸¹ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally a heteroatom selected from O, S(O)_(x), —NH, and —N(alkyl) and which is optionally substituted by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; aryl is an aromatic group containing 1 or 2 rings and 6 to 12 ring carbon atoms; heteroaryl is an aromatic 5- or 6-membered monocyclic or bicyclic ring having 5 to 10 atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring are selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur; heterocycloalkyl is a 5- or 6-membered saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system are selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system are selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; arylalkyl an aryl bonded through an alkyl; heteroarylalkyl is a heteroaryl bonded through an alkyl; heterocyclylalkyl is a heterocyclyl bonded through an alkyl; W is a 5- or 6-membered ring selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times with R⁴; x is selected from 0 to 2; y is selected from 1 and 2; or pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, racemic mixtures or stereoisomers thereof.
 188. The compound of claim 187, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from:

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, CN, OH, CH₂OH, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, OCHF₂, COCH₃, SO₂CH₃, SO₂CF₃, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHCH₃, SO₂N(CH₃)₂, NH₂, NHCOCH₃, N(COCH₃)₂, NHCONH₂, NHSO₂CH₃, alkoxy, alkyl, CO₂H,

R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, CH₃, CF₃, CHF₂, OCF₃, and OCHF₂; and R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CH₃, COOMe, COOH, and CONH₂.
 189. The compound of claim 187, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from:

wherein: R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and halo, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or optionally R¹² and R¹³ together form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰; R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, CO₂R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, OCF₃, OCHF₂, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰COR¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂R¹¹, NR¹⁰SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹ and NR¹⁰R¹¹, wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, or optionally two R¹⁹ groups together at one carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR¹⁰; R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times by a substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CF₃, halo, OH, O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, ONO₂, OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, SH, S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), NH₂, N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)—CF₃, N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃, N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)NH₂, N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)S(O)₂NH₂), N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), N(H)C(S)NH₂, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)OH, C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CN, CHO, CH₂OH, CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂NH₂, CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl; J and K are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁰R¹⁸, NR¹⁰, O and S(O)_(x); A₁ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁰, O and S; and D², G², L², M² and T² are independently selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁸ and N.
 190. The compound of claim 187, wherein at least one R¹ is selected from: 